AP US History OutlinesAP US History Outlines Tell your class, friends, teachers, and families! Spread the word! http://americangovt.homestead.com. Please click on my sponsers on the homepage. Thank you and have a nice day. GOD BLESS AMERICA!!! The book that I use is called The American Pageant 10th Edition, which is written by Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy. D.C. Heath and Company in Lexington, Massachusetts published the book and the copyright is © 1994. The information from Chapters 17-44 is from the 11th edition of The American Pageant. DO NOT PLAGARIZE the outlines or vocabulary sentences!!! If you are using a different edition of The American Pageant then the information within the chapters will not be in sync because information covered in each chapter varies depending on the edition of the book you use. However it is still possible to use them for review purposes for the AP US History Exam in May. These outlines are for review purposes only! There may are minor errors so it is highly recommended to check the historical information. The outlines have been zipped into on single ZIP file. All the other links below will not work until a further time. I am sorry for the inconvenience. You can download the program to unzip the file at www.winzip.com. Thank you for your loyalty. Advanced Placement United States History Outlines Download this file!!! May freedom never languish from this Earth. May liberty never vanish from this world. May the United States never perish from this planet. VIVA AMERICA! The American Pageant 10th Edition Thomas A. Bailey David. M Kennedy Copyright © 1994 by the D. C. Heath and Company. All right reserved. D. C. Heath and Company was taken over by Houghton Mifflin Company. Quick Study Guide Study Tips When Preparing and Taking an AP US History Test I find what helps me the most is picking my best place and study time. My own personal time is at night in my room right before I go to sleep. You should find your time whether it be in the in the afternoon outside or in the car going someplace. Having a comfortable environment is critical for retaining information. Listening to classical music for me has helped me maintain high grades. I personally recommend the following play list. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Laudate Dominum Johann Sebastian Bach Glenn Gould - Goldberg Variation 23 Canadian Brass - Pachelbel Canon Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 16 Marriage of Figaro - Shawshank Redemption Johann Sebastian Bach Canadian Brass - Toccata and Fuge in D Minor Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Vienna Boys' Choir - Ave Verum Corpus Johann Sebastian Bach Glenn Gould, Piano - Sinfonia 6 in E major Handel - Messiah Hallelujah Chorus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Exsultate, jubilate Johann Sebastian Bach - Italian Concerto Presto Glenn Gould George Fredric Handel - Water Music Johann Sebastian Bach Glenn Gould - Goldberg Variation 20 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Jack Brymer - Clarinet Quintet, 1. Allegro Johann Sebastian Bach - Brandenburg Concerto 2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Geza Anda - Piano Concerto Concerto no. 17 -- Allegretto Johann Sebastian Bach - Overture No. 4: Rejouissance Alan Menken & Stephen Schwartz - Pocahontas Colors Of The Wind Johann Sebastian Bach Canadian Brass - Fugue in G minor ('Little') Carl Maria von Weber - Clarinet Concerto No.1 in F minor for C Johann Sebastian Bach Glenn Gould - Goldberg Variation 8 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Jack Brymer - Clarinet Quintet, 4. Allegrtto Johann Sebastian Bach Glenn Gould - Fugue in C major, BWV9 Knightsong - The Irish Blessing Johann Sebastian Bach - Overture No. 2: Badinerie As you can clearly see there is a great abundance of music by Johann Sebastian Bach. There is also some Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, George Frederic Handel, and Pachelbel Canon. In fact as I write this I am listening to the music. I have included some other music because it is nice to have a little variety such as the Weber Clarinet Concerto, Pocahontas, and the Irish Blessing. One of my friends listened to classical music while she studied and she got a 95 on her next test up from a 70 on her previous test. 3. When reading through the chapters or outlines read them out loud to yourself. On many AP US History tests the answers are written out in the history book! If you get the questions back after taking a regular history test look up the correct answers in the book. This is very helpful because you will most likely not get the same question wrong again. During the test try to look for context clues. Try remembering everything about what the question is asking about. A simple example is The primary objective of the French and Indian War was Control of the Ohio River Valley Freeing New England Improve trade relations with Asia Conquer the Aztecs Now this question is relatively simple. Ask yourself who was involved in the French and Indian War? The British, the French, and the Native Americans. Where was it fought? In North America. Where were the first battles of the war? Fort Dusquense near present-day Pittsburgh. Where's Fort Dusquense? In the Ohio River Valley! Make connections throughout history with the question. In free response questions use a lot of information! Try remembering everything there is to know about the subject. Let's say it is the simple question of 7. Evaluate the statement: 8. The geographic and climatic differences between colonies in the North, South, and Atlantic resulted in differences. 9. Now in all free response and DBQ questions there is a secret question! Can you find the secret question??? The secret question is what were the differences between the North, Atlantic, and South during the colonial period and how did the geographic and climatic cause these differences. The answer to this question is called your thesis statement! All essays must have a thesis statement. Now this opens a whole lists of differences! 10. These can be used as a strong basis for looking at the differences. Also try to have three! 11. Cultural-Each area had different religions. Anglicans in the South. Mix in the Atlantic. Congregationalism in the North. Now relate the geography and climate to this. There are also a lot more cultural differences but I don't have them all here. 12. Economic- Each area had different economies. The South had tobacco. The Atlantic had grains. The North did commerce, fishing, shipbuilding, and industry. 13. Political- All areas had democracy but different levels of democracies. Investigate that yourself! 14. The key is to use simple sentence so not to confuse readers. However add in loads of information such as places, people, events, and movements. Show that you have knowledge of the question and how to use that knowledge. Use quotes from leading people of the day. Examine policies of the Presidents in free response questions! 15. Do not forget a thesis!!! 16. I however strongly recommend you go over with your teacher about how to write a free response. Remember intro, three points, and conclusion. DBQ are similar to free response however a little different. I really can't give you an example because I do not have twelve documents to give however I can give you a few pointers. Use quotes from the documents because you are supposed to use DBQ's to support your thesis. However it is also to add a lot of extra outside information to supplement the documents. Try to analyze any charts that they give you to correlate to the question. Also when you know the DBQ time period look up the Presidents so you can add in information about their policies. Get yourself a review history book if you want to. They offer excellent methods to mastering the AP US History Exam. I condensed what they say into a few lines. This is all I can say about the AP US History Exam. When you take a regular test or quiz make sure to read the chapter, read the outline, read the prevalent review book information, and look over the time line. If you know all this information you will be well prepared for the any test or exam. Recommended Readings and Recordings Read this to know what books will help you with the AP US History. I have made a list of highly recommended books and music. Go to back to the homepage and click on the Barnes and Noble link. For every item you buy I receive a 5% commission if you click on the link located on the homepage. I highly recommend buying both because you will benefit from getting additional material. Cracking the AP U.S. History Tom Meltzer $17.00 Publisher: Princeton Review Publishing Corporation This book is absolutely magnificent. I use this book to help myself review for my AP US History tests. It contains concise information concerning US History. It also contains very helpful guides for the Free Response Essays, DBQ, and Multiple Choice Questions. I seriously recommend getting this book. AP US History Text Prep with CD (Audio) Jerome McDuffie $29.95 Publisher: Research & Education Association This book is used by many of my friends at school. However I find it not as witty or entertaining as Cracking the AP U.S. History but it still contains the extensive information. However I find the audio CD very helpful. If you can buy both of these books you will have a large amount of information to draw upon. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong James W. Loewen $14.00 Publisher: Simon & Schuster Trade This book is one of the best books ever. It offers insightful information on US History. The essays dissolve many myths about the US history. If you can quote information from this book in your free response essay you will surely get good points. The truth is knowledge. Music for me is very important. I listen to mainly baroque/classical music while I study. I recommend these wonderful CD's. You can also get these at Barnes and Noble. Bach: Goldberg Variations Canadian Brass $16.98 The Goldberg Variations are absolutely one of the most beautiful, diverse piece of music ever written. The Goldberg Variations were written for sleeping so play them while you sleep. Bach: Six Brandenburg Concertos Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra $31.98 These are concertos which are very moving and have great counterpoint. I love listening to the Brandenburg Concertos while studying the night before a hard test. Mozart: Sacred Arias Various artists $11.98 Mozart was a master at composing inspiring religious music. Although it is religious don't let that keep you from listening to it. I find Mozart is able to get me through all my outlines. A definite buy. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Planetary Perspectives Six thousand years ago recorded history started. Europeans started to extensively exploring and exploiting the Americas. The Shaping of North America 225 million years ago there was supercontinent. 350 million years ago the Appalachian Mountains rose in the East of the United States. 135-25 million years ago mountain chains in the West formed such as the Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, Cascades, and Coast Range. 10 million years ago the basic shape of North America was shaped. 2 million years ago an Ice Age set in which froze much of the northern United States. These ice sheets were 2 miles thick. About 10000 years ago the ice sheets retreated. The ice sheets had changed the form of North America by creating the many different lakes, rivers, and other topographical features. The Discoverers of America 35000 years ago the Bering Sea was covered by ice from which many people crossed over into North America. In 1492 the Native American population was estimated to be 100 million. The Inca, Maya, and Aztecs had very sophisticated societies. Corn was the main food in Mexico 5000 BC corn was developed in the highlands of Mexico. In 1200 BC the corn reached the Pueblo people who used it to feed villages. Corn helped the Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley and Mississippian cultures to develop elaborate cities. Corn, beans, and squash made a good combination of crops on the Atlantic seaboard. The Iroquois created the Iroquois Confederacy, which included military and political alliances. The Native Americans showed respect for the environment. Indirect Discoverers of the New World 1000 AD Norse seafarers landed in Newfoundland. The Christian crusaders brought home with them many different new commodities, which were very expensive. They wanted a faster and inexpensive method to get the commodities. Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo in 1295 returned to Europe after 20 years in China and told of awesome structures. The caravel was an important because it had the ability to sail almost right into the wind. Also the westerly winds were able to bring sailors home quicker. Sub-Sahara Africa had advanced cultures that and 2/3 of European gold came from Africa. 225 million years ago there was supercontinent. 350 million years ago the Appalachian Mountains rose in the East of the United States. 135-25 million years ago mountain chains in the West formed such as the Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, Cascades, and Coast Range. 10 million years ago the basic shape of North America was shaped. 2 million years ago an Ice Age set in which froze much of the northern United States. These ice sheets were 2 miles thick. About 10000 years ago the ice sheets retreated. The ice sheets had changed the form of North America by creating the many different lakes, rivers, and other topographical features. The Discoverers of America 35000 years ago the Bering Sea was covered by ice from which many people crossed over into North America. In 1492 the Native American population was estimated to be 100 million. The Inca, Maya, and Aztecs had very sophisticated societies. Corn was the main food in Mexico 5000 BC corn was developed in the highlands of Mexico. In 1200 BC the corn reached the Pueblo people who used it to feed villages. Corn helped the Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley and Mississippian cultures to develop elaborate cities. Corn, beans, and squash made a good combination of crops on the Atlantic seaboard. The Iroquois created the Iroquois Confederacy, which included military and political alliances. The Native Americans showed respect for the environment. Indirect Discoverers of the New World 1000 AD Norse seafarers landed in Newfoundland. The Christian crusaders brought home with them many different new commodities, which were very expensive. They wanted a faster and inexpensive method to get the commodities. Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo in 1295 returned to Europe after 20 years in China and told of awesome structures. The caravel was an important because it had the ability to sail almost right into the wind. Also the westerly winds were able to bring sailors home quicker. Sub-Sahara Africa had advanced cultures that and 2/3 of European gold came from Africa. The Spanish had made an extensive empire in the New World, which stretched, from California to the tip of South America. The Spanish seem to have made a empire based upon religion and capitalism. Chapter 2 The Planting of English America 1500-1733 England's Imperial Stirrings Elizabeth Energizes England England on the Eve of Empire England Plants the Jamestown Seedlings Cultural Clash in Chesapeake Maryland: Catholic Haven The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America Colonizing the Carolinas The Emergence of North Carolina Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony The Plantation Colonies The Planting of English America 1500-1733 England's Imperial Stirrings Only an estimated 10% of Native Americans existed at the beginning of the 1600's. Many Africans inhabited the New World. The Spanish controlled much of the southern New World. North America was not explored a lot by 1600. Santa Fe, Quebec, and Jamestown were the small colonies setup by European nations. There were religious conflicts between Spain and England because King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic church. Queen Elizabeth made protestant the primary religion of England and weakened England's ties with Spain. Ireland wanted help from Spain to get rid of England but unfortunately they were conquered. Many English and Scotsman were sent to Ireland and took over land. Elizabeth Energizes England During the reign of Queen Elizabeth many pirates set out to steal the gold of Spanish colonies. Sir Francis Drake steals a lot of money from around the world. In Newfoundland Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to establish a colony however it failed because he died. Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish a colony on Roanoke Island however it mysteriously disappeared. The Spanish Empire flourished while the English failed. Philip II of Spain assembled an Invincible Armada for an invasion of England. There were 130 ships. They were defeated. England's spirit rose after the defeat of the Spanish. England now had dominance of the sea. England became a strong united nation. England on the Eve of Empire The population from 3 million in 1550 to 4 million in 1600. The English landlords converted much of the land for sheep grazing which left people without land. In the late 1500's a depression hit England which left many destitute who traveled about the country. Some people believed that England had a "surplus population." Laws were passed which only let land go to the eldest son while the other sons were left to roam the country Stock-joint companies pooled money together to fund expeditions to the New World. These companies were like modern corporations. Many of the poor were willing to go to the New World. England Plants the Jamestown Seedlings The Virginia Company in 1606 with a charter from King James I of England set out to create a settlement in the New World. The charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed the same rights to the men in Virginia as well as those in England. In 1606 the Virginia Company landed in the proximity of Chesapeake Bay where Native Americans attacked them. In May 24, 1607 they set up Jamestown. Many colonists died because of diseases and they were not prepared because they searched for only gold. Captain John Smith brought the colonists under control in 1608 under the slogan "He who shall not work shall not eat." The people of Jamestown were forced to eat cats, dogs, and rats. One man even killed and ate his wife. He was killed. Lord De La Warr became the new governor of Jamestown and imposed military rule. Cultural Clash in Chesapeake Powhatan had control over some Native American tribes. He hoped to have the English increase his power further. Lord De La Warr burned and raided much of the Native American's land; eventually a treaty was signed in 1614. This ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War. The Native Americans in 1622 struck back and killed 347 settlers however the English crushed the rebellion and Native Americans. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War of 1644 failed. Only 10% of the original population were alive. John Rofle grew tobacco in Virginia, which was wanted all over Europe. The Europeans pushed the Indians father west as they took land for planting crops. Virginia was built on tobacco. In 1619 twenty Africans were sold into slavery. In 1650 300 Africans were in Virginia, by the end of the century over 14% of the colony's population were Africans. The House of Burgesses formed in 1619 and was a representative government. In 1624 King James I made Virginia a royal colony. Maryland: Catholic Haven Lord Baltimore founded Maryland in 1634. He hoped to turn this colony into a safe haven for Catholics and to make money. 200 settlers arrived at St. Mary's on Chesapeake Bay. Maryland economic base was tobacco. Lord Baltimore allowed more religious freedom. The Act of Toleration was passed in 1649. It guaranteed toleration to all Christians. However it decreed that people who denied the divinity of Christ were killed. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America England had secured islands in the Caribbean including Jamaica in 1655. Sugarcane was grown extensively throughout the Caribbean. Many Africans were imported to work the plantations. The African to European was 4:1. The Barbados slave code of 1661 denied human rights to slaves and gave masters complete control over the slaves' lives. The Caribbean had to import much of their food. Some people moved from the Caribbean to the Carolinas and brought their customs. Carolina established a slave code based on the Barbados slave code in 1696. Colonizing the Carolinas Civil war gripped England in the 1640's. King Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629. Parliament was brought back in 1640 beheaded King Charles I and made Oliver Cromwell king. King Charles II became king in 1660. Carolina was founded in 1670. It was intended for growing purposes. Carolina traded with the English West Indies. Native Americans in Carolina were exported to the English West Indies. In 1707 Native Americans decided to leave for Maryland and Pennsylvania where the Quakers promised a better life. However by 1710 killed the Native Americans. Carolina grew rice and paid for West African slaves who knew how to grow rice. Charles Town became the most important town in Carolina. Carolina was under constant attacks by Florida. The Emergence of North Carolina The North Carolinians were poor people from Virginia. These people were known for their resistance to authority. North Carolina was separated from South Carolina in 1712. North Carolina was one of the most democratic. The Tuscaroras in 1711 and later the Yamasee in 1715 attacked North Carolina but were conquered. The Creek, Cherokees, and Iroquois were able to withstand longer. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony Georgia was founded in 1733. Georgia was a buffer state from France and Spain. Georgia received money from the British government and was prosperous. James Oglethorpe founded the colony for prisoners in debt. James Oglethorpe was able to repel Spanish attacks. Charleston was a melting pot of cultures. John Wesley founded Methodism. The Plantation Colonies The southern colonies were based on agriculture. Important crops were tobacco and rice. The colonies except North Carolina and Georgia were aristocratic. Schools and churches were not firmly established. The colonists pushed into North America in search of more land. Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700 Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619-1700 The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism In 1517 Martin Luther posted his protest again the church. He ignited the Protestant Reformation. He believed that the Bible was the only source for God and believed in disrespecting the clergy. John Calvin was a leading theologian for Puritans. His ideas were highly flawed. People could be living saints if they had an intense religious experience with God. King Henry VIII of England broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church and made himself the head of the COE. King Henry VIII wanted to retain some of the Roman Catholic rituals but some people wanted total purification of the church. They were called Puritans. King James I believed that the Puritans were a danger in England. The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth The Separatist fled from England to Holland in 1608. They wanted to find a place where they could be English have a place where they could practice their religion. The Virginia Company gave a charter to some of the Separatist who boarded the Mayflower and accidentally landed off the coast of Massachusetts in 1620. There were 102 persons on board. The Pilgrims made the Mayflower Compact, which established a form of government that was democratic in structure. The winter of 1620-1621 left only 44 alive out of the 102 however when the Mayflower returned to England in the spring not a single Pilgrim left with it. In the fall of 1621 it was bountiful and they rejoiced. William Bradford was voted to be governor 30 times in the annual election. He worried about the colony because corrupt people might infest it. Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth In 1629 Puritans left England and set out to build the colony with Boston as its center. They started their colony with 1000 Puritans and were well supplied. Between the years of 1630-1642 about 17800 Puritans went to Massachusetts. Educated and affluent people moved to Bay Colony. John Winthrop was elected governor of Bay Colony and believed it was his religious calling from God to lead the colony. The Puritans believed that they were building a model for all of humanity. Building the Bay Colony Congregational Church is the descendant of the Puritan colonists of New England. Governor John Winthrop believed that democracy was the worst form of government because it gave the people a voice. Puritan could only be freeman and participate in the government. The Puritans believed that the purpose of government was for the reinforcements of God's laws. The Puritans did public interrogations for a person's admission into the church. John Cotton prayed for up to six hours per day. The congregation had the power to hire, fire. And set the salary for the ministers. The Puritans did not believe in separation of Church and State. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth The Quakers came into the tranquil Puritan settlements and were severely punished at times. Anne Hutchinson believed that people did not have to follow God or man's law. Roger Williams wanted the Puritans to break completed with the COE. He also believed that the Indians should be justly compensated for the use of their land. He also denied the authority of civil government to govern religious behavior. Rhode Island "Sewer" Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island in 1636. He established a Baptist church and guaranteed religious tolerance for all. Rhode Island was home to many people banished from Massachusetts because of religious views that were contrary to the strict Puritan beliefs. Rhode Island obtained a charter from Parliament in 1644. New England Spreads Out Hartford, Connecticut was founded in 1635. Thomas Hooker came to Connecticut. In 1639 made a substantial document called the Fundamental Orders, which acted a s constitution. The Fundamental Order established a democracy. New Haven was setup in 1638 by Puritans who wished to establish a closer relationship between Church and State. New Hampshire was made a royal colony in 1679. Puritans Versus Indians In 1620 disease epidemics wiped 3/4 of the Native Americans residing in New England. The Wampanoag Indians at first attempted to establish peaceful relations with the Puritans. The Pequot were massacred in 1637 near Mystic, CT. Puritans were not very successful at converting the Native Americans. Metacomet attempted to organize resistance against the English although he ultimately failed. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence In 1643 four colonies united to form the New England Confederation. The purpose of the New England Confederation was for the defense of the colonies. Each colony had two votes. The New England Confederation was mainly for Puritans because it left over people out because it considered the other colonies heretical. King Charles II took aggressive action towards the colonies. Many punishments were placed on Massachusetts such as the revocation of their charter in 1684. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution England in 1686 established the Dominion of New England, which incorporated all of New England as well as New York and New Jersey. One of the reasons of the creation of the Dominion of New England was for the reinforcements of the English Navigation Laws. Sir Edmund Andros was the leader of the Dominion of New England and had an open affiliation with the COE. His soldiers went against Puritan beliefs. He revoked many of the freedoms that some of the colonists had come to enjoy. The Navigation Laws were enforced under his rule. In 1689 Andros was sent back to England because of his tyrannical rule. In 1691 Massachusetts was made a royal colony with a new governor and charter. More English officials were sent to the colonies to enforce the rules. Old Netherlands at New Netherlands The Dutch East India Company had 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships. Henry Hudson found the Hudson River. New Netherlands was established between 1623-1624. The Dutch bought Manhattan for trinkets from trinkets from the Indians. The leaders of the colony were mean and did not let much freedom. New Amsterdam turned into New York City. The people were very aristocratic in New Amsterdam. There were over 18 different languages being spoken in Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors New Amsterdam came under frequent attacks from Indians. Most of the New England Confederation wanted to get ride of the Dutch. Sweden during 1638-1655 established New Sweden but was destroyed by the Dutch in 1655. Dutch Residues in New York The Duke of York was given New Amsterdam. A fleet was sent to New York and surrendered without a fight. The aristocrats still had power in New York. The Dutch imported many different ideas to New England such as Santa Claus, Easter eggs, gold, Harlem, Brooklyn, etc. Penn's Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Quakers refused to pay taxes that supported the COE. The spoke freely during their meetings. All people were created was one of the Quaker's beliefs. The refused to take oaths. Passive resistance was one of the doctrines of the Quakers. Their society was very democratic. William Penn established Pennsylvania in 1681. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors Philadelphia meant "brotherly love" in Greek was carefully planned. Pennsylvania seemed to be a safe haven for the Indians. There was a representative body consisting of landowners. Freedom of worship was denied to Catholics and Jews. There was no defense militia and immigration was easy for people. Pennsylvania opposed slavery. Pennsylvania was highly advanced compared to the other colonies in term of economy, freedom, and religion. William Penn was thrown into prison several times and died an miserable man. The Middle Was in the Middle Colonies The soil was fertile in the Middle Colonies. There were also plenty of rivers, which could be used for trade. Lumbering and shipbuilding became important as well as seaports. The population was very ethnically mixed. There was substantial democratic and religious freedom in the middle colony. All the colonies spoke English, had special freedoms, self-government, religious toleration, andd education. Chapter 4 Outline Chapter 4 Dennis Cote The Unhealthy Chesapeake In the Chesapeake Bay area malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took of ten years from the colonists' lives. Half of the people born in Chesapeake Bay area did not reach their 20 years old birthday. The settlements grew slowly because of low birthrates. Many of the colonists who arrived soon died after arriving. There was shortage of women. There were very few complete families. The colonists eventually got immunity from the diseases and grew by their own birthrate. Virginia had a population of 35,000 in the beginning of the 1700's and Maryland had 30,000. The Tobacco Economy Tobacco could be grown in Chesapeake Bay area. Tobacco was grown before corn was grown. The production in this area was about 1.5 million pounds a year. Indentured servants usually worked on the plantations. VA and MD used the headirght system. It states that indentured servants go 50 acres of land and their owner also got 50 acres of land. By 1700 there were over 100,000 indentured servants in the region. However the masters grew stingy and did not give the freed servants land. The servants then were stuck serving their masters again. Frustrated Freemen and Bacon's Rebellion There were soon many discontent young men wandering around MD and VA. Virginia in 1670 disenfranchised these young men. A rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon. The people did not like the governments friendly relations with the Indians. They wanted land. They burnt the capitol and caused lots of chaos. They also killed many Native Americans. The governor, Berkley, regained control and killed 20 people. The Bacon Rebellion was important because it showed how unhappy the people were about their situation. Colonial Slavery Approximately 10 million Africans were imported into America. About 400,000 slaves were sent to America. The people needed more African slaves to farm their expanding plantations. The slaves outnumbered Europeans by the 1680's. The African-American population was half the total population of Virginia in 1750. The slaves were captured from Western Africa. Around 20% of Africans captured died on the way to the New World. The masters owned the slaves and their children. Africans in America In South Carolina there were mostly male slaves. The slaves in the Chesapeake had a somewhat easier life because rice was easier to grow. By the 1720's the population of the Chesapeake Bay area had started to grow on its own. Many the languages started to mix together. Southern Society There was a hierarchy in the Southern colonies. The wealthy had a lot of land a political power. The early masters of the slave had to work hard. There were small farmers who grew food on small farms. There were also the poor people without land and indentured servants. The life in the South revolved around the plantation. Roads were of poor quality in the South. The New England Family There was clean air, water and cool temperatures provided a good environment. Many people were able to live 70 years. The family was an important part of life. The women bore many children possible 10 who would live. The families were highly stable. The women in the North had less freedom than the South. The women in the South were allowed to hold land. Life in the New England Towns The society of the North was very tight knit together with a focus on the town. Puritanism was a unifying religion in the North. The colonial authorities charted towns. There was a meetinghouse, which was the town hall and place of worship. Towns with a population over 50 families were required to build a school. In 1636 Harvard was founded. The government in the North was mostly democratic where all freemen were able to vote. The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials The ministers began "jeremiad" which were fiery homilies. The Half-Way Covenant offered partial membership right to the people. The witch-hunts were against women who were prosperous. The governor of Massachusetts eventually stopped the witch-hunts. The New England Way of Life Farming was not widespread in New England because the ground was too rocky. There was not great diversity in New England. The weather in New England was extreme from hot to cold. Slavery and tobacco was not grown widely in New England. The colonists believed that the Native Americans were wasting the land. The English colonists brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle to New England. Shipbuilding became an important industry. Fishing also was an important industry in New England. The Puritans believed that they were God's chosen people. The Early Settlers' Days and Ways Most of the colonists were farmers. They sowed their seeds in the spring, cared for them in the summer, collected in the fall, and prepared in the winter. The men worked in the fields and the women worked in the house. The American colonies lived a good life when compared to their European counterparts. There was not a highly developed social class differentiation in America. The rich in America resented the lower people. In the United States from the early beginnings democracy was strong. Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 American History Chapter 5 Outline Dennis Cote Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775 Conquest By the Cradle In the year 1700 the population of the American Colonies was 300,000 and by 1775 had 2.5 million people. The population of the colonies was growing extremely quickly. The average age in the colonies was 16. The ration of English citizens to Americans was 20:1 and then in 1775 the ratio was 3:1. The most populous colonies were Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. The biggest cities were Philadelphia (36,000), New York, Boston, and Charleston. 90% of the population were in rural areas. A Mingling of the Races There were many different cultures in America. 150,000 Germans resided in America. 175,000 were Scots-Irish who had come from the lowlands of Scotland. The Scots were frontiersmen who were able to settle the land. Outside New England, over 50% of the population were non-English. The colonists were intermarrying creating a combination of people. The Africans were mixed with different tribes as well as the Native Americans. The Structure of Colonial Society In American people had the chance to move up the ladder. There were no specially defined social classes. Many of the people in America were small farmers who worked their own land. People could go from rags to riches relatively easily when compared to Europe. However merchants were soon rising to the top and social stratification started to occur. The percent of the poor remained relatively small when compared to Europe's poor. Many of the original descendants of New Englanders had to move to new land because there wasn't enough. Some of he servants in America were criminals. The slaves were the most unfortunate class in America. Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists The clergy were still highly esteemed. Young doctors learned how to treat patients from other doctors. In 1765, the first medical school was established in the American colonies. One in five people had small pox. Lawyers were thought as not important until they proved useless when defending against the English crown. Workday America About 90 percent of the population were engaged in agriculture. The colonies created immense amounts of grain. Fishing and shipbuilding were also important industries. The people of New England were very good traders. The triangle trade was very profitable. It consisted of traveling to Africa and selling rum. Then selling slaves in the Caribbean to get molasses. The molasses would then be turned into rum. The whole entire trip was quite profitable. Manufacturing was less important however it created many important goods. Lumbering was very important in the American colonies because it produced many boats. The American colonies traded with many other countries because England did not have enough people to take in all the goods Americans were making. Horsepower and Sailpower The roads were poor. People had to be very careful on the roads. Travel over water was more dependable. The taverns were a place where all social classes could meet together. In taverns, information was given out whether true or false. Mail was not reliable in the colonies. Dominant Denominations The Congregational and Anglican church were taxed supported. In Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and New York the official religion was the Church of England. The COE was not as mean as the Puritan church. In all of New England, the Congregational church was the main religion except Rhode Island. The COE did not have a bishop in America. Religious toleration existed in America. The Great Awakening The people in New England grew lazy so new clergy came along. These preached of the eternal fires of hell. Jonathan Edwards proclaimed the need for good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God. George Whitefield was one of the best orators who spoke to many people about God. Schools and Colleges Education was only given to males. Education became mandatory for all towns with more than fifty families. The colleges stressed religion and classical languages. Students were physically punished if they did not behave. College education was important because it allowed for more ministers to be educated. Culture in the Backwoods Art was considered not important but the colonists. Benjamin Franklin was best known for his book Poor Richard's Almanac. Sciences and the arts did not flourish greatly in America. Pioneer Presses There were only fifty public libraries in America. The printing press helped to spread information throughout the colonies. John Zenger was a newspaper printer who won a case that supported freedom of the press. The Great Game of Politics The colonies each had a two house system. The governor usually appointed the higher house. The people usually elected the lower house. People were usually able to vote for their own taxes. The legislature would withhold the salary of the governor if he did not bend to their wishes. Religious and property qualification were sometimes required to be able to vote. The Americans colonies were more democratic than England was. Colonial Folkways The people of American ate better than people in Europe. Churches were not heated. There was no running water in houses. The entertainment consisted of drilling, house raising, quilting, husking bees, and apple parings. Sports were popular in the north while dancing was important in the South. Christmas was not celebrated in the Puritan north. Colonial America was highly more advanced in politics and had more plentiful land than the Europe. Chapter 6 The Duel for North America American History Chapter 6 The Duel for North America Dennis Cote France Finds a Foothold in Canada The French were latecomers to North America. King Louis XIV led France to glory. In 1608, Quebec was established in Canada, which was led b Samuel de Champlain. Champlain joined the Huron tribes against the Iroquois. The government in New France was autocratic and completely controlled by the king. The population in 1750 was only around sixty thousand. New France Fans Out The beaver was one of the only few resources in New France. Beaver hats were considered quite fashionable. Hunters went all over the land in search of beavers. Diseases and alcohol soon destroyed Native Americans. The beaver population soon was destroyed in many different parts of America. French Catholic missionaries tried to convert the Native Americans but unfortunately they failed. They did collect information about the region. The French expanded their empire to the Ohio River all the way to Louisiana. New Orleans became an important fortress for the French. The Clash of Empires The English, Spanish, and French controlled the most of the North American continent. The English against the French and their Indian allies fought the King William and Queen War. The French were able to cause significant damage to British settlements. The British got Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay. The War of Jenkins Ear was fought in the Caribbean between the British and Spanish. The American colonists were able to take Louisbourg, which was supposedly invincible. George Washington Inaugurates War with France The Ohio Valley became one of the most important parts of the New World because it led to the interior and to the Mississippi River. Fort Duquesne was important strategic fort in the Ohio Valley. George Washington engaged several French troops and was able to kill their leader. However, his fort Necessity was soon taken over by French reinforcements. French Acadians were soon sent to Louisiana because they might attack England. Global War and Colonial Disunity The fourth war was called the French and Indian War which was started by George Washington in Ohio. The Seven Years' War was soon fought throughout the world. England and Prussia fought against France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. The colonists did not have an organized military. The British wanted to keep the Iroquois on their side so they could continue to fight the French. The colonies had to unite or else they would die. Benjamin wanted home rule but London denied them home rule. Braddock Blundering and Its Aftermath British General Braddock was not a good leader who was unaccustomed in fighting the New World. The French were able to destroy many of the British redcoats. George Washington then had to defend much of the frontier from the French and Native Americans. The British launched a massive attack into Canada in 1756. Pitt's Palms of Victory William Pitt was the chosen leader for the British who lead the British to victory. He was able to talk Louisbourg in 1758. James Wolfe was able to lead a successful attack against Quebec although he died in the process. Montreal was taken in 1760. Britain gained all lands in Canada and Florida. Spain got all of Louisiana. Restless Colonials The French and Indian War had bolstered the colonists belief in themselves and their military power. The British treated the militia of the colonies in bad ways. Some American ships developed a gold trade with the French and Spanish. Some colonies did not want to get involved because it did not include them. Colonists quarreled among each other because of different ethnic and geographic differences. Americans: A People of Destiny The American colonists now could move out into North America since the French were destroyed. The Native Americans did not receive that much from the Treaty of Paris. The chief Pontiac led an attack on American colonists and killed 2000. The British retaliated with veracity and destroyed them. Many colonists poured into the Ohio Valley. The Proclamation of 1763 stated that people could settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Americans moved with speed into the Ohio Valley. Chapter 7 The Road to Revolution 1763-1775 -Chapter 7 Outline Dennis Cote The Road to Revolution 1763-1775 The Deep Roots of Revolution Emigrants who were discontented and belligerent settled England's colonies. They had not gotten along with mainstream society. Some came to the New World to make money. The journey across the Atlantic could take up to 6-8 weeks. Many people died because of the dreadful conditions on board these ships. The royal authority in the beginning was very weak on the colonies. The people in the wilderness lived an independent life. America was a new place with many different objects such as corn. The colonies soon setup their own parliamentary governments, which they believed was equal to the one in England. The Mercantile Theory The British government settled none of the original colonies except Georgia. Colonial affairs were mainly handled by the Board of Trade. Mercantilism states that the colonies should work for the mother country so that the mother exports than it imports thus making a higher amount of money. The colonies were expected to produce products to put on the market by England. New England helped to ensure British security by giving them wood for ships. The South produced cash crops, which could be sold to other countries or to other colonies. Mercantilist Trammels on Trade The first Navigation laws were first enforced in 1650 to keep trading with other countries. European goods that would have to go to the colonies first had to travel to England. The colonies were forbidden to produce woolen cloth or beaver hats because they might compete with English made products. There were no banks in the colonies and there many items were sucked out of the colony each year. The barter system took place in the colonies so that money. Paper money in the colony was of little value in the colonies. London eventually banned the use of paper money. The London government started to watch colonial legislature activities and stopped any laws that would interfere with their political agenda. The royal veto was only used 469 times when compared with over 8563 laws passed by the colonial governments. The Merits of Mercantilism The Navigation Laws were not strictly followed until 1763. John Hancock became known as "King of Smugglers." New England produced ships and received a lot of money. The Virginian tobacco farmers had a monopoly of the British market. The colonies also had a degree of self-government. An army was not supported by colonial taxes. The American colonists enjoyed a better economic life then the regular English citizen. The American colonies were not strictly ruled like the colonies of Spain or France. The Menace of Mercantilism The Southern colonies were favored over the Northern colonies because the Southern ones produced cash crops, which could be sold in England. Revolution began in Puritan New England because for one they resented Anglican rule. The Virginians resented English rule because they were at the mercy of fluctuating prices set by British merchants and sometimes fell into debt. Many colonies felt that they were being "milked" by the mother country because the colonies were losing valuable profits. The British government did not recognize an up-and-coming nation. The Stamp Tax Uproar The British government had acquired a L 140 million which was from the French and Indian War. One third of the price to keep 10000 soldiers in America was to be paid by the colonists.. Prime Minister George Grenville ordered that the Navigation acts should be enforced. The Sugar Act of 1764 was also put into effect that taxed sugar. The Quartering Act of 1765 required colonists to house and feed British troops in America. The Stamp Act of 1765 required that many documents and even playing card to have a stamp on them. Grenville believed that these taxes were necessary and fair for the colonies so that they might pay their fair share of taxes to help support themselves. The American believed that these new laws would endanger their freedoms that they had come to love. The Sugar and Stamp Act had trials take place in admiralty courts where there were no juries. The defendant was considered guilt until proven innocent. Many colonists questioned the need to keep a military in the colonies when the French had been expelled from North America. "No taxation without representation" was what the colonists believed in because they believed that they did not have any say in taxes. The Americans believed that they had a right to tax themselves not Parliament. Grenville did not agree with the colonists about not being represented. He believed that the power of Parliament was supreme. The colonists began to think of revolution from England. Parliament Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act The Stamp Act of Congress came together in New York to discuss the Stamp Act. 27 representative from colonies came. The Sons and Daughter and Liberty claimed "Liberty, Property, and no Stamps," and often attacked representatives of the British government. When the Stamp Act was to take effect there were no Stamp Act agents. The American colonies refused to send any products to England and thus the English industries suffered heavy losses. The people of England called for a repeal of the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act was nullified in 1766. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" The Townshend Acts were passed in 1767, which taxed glass, white lead, paper, and tea. The colonists heavily resented the tax on tea. These new taxes were used to pay the governors' salaries so now the colonists could no force their governors into submission. The New York legislature was suspended in 1767 because they did not follow the Quartering Act. Smuggled tea was cheap in America. Two regiments of troops were sent to Boston to enforce the Townshend Act. One March 5, 1770 sixty colonists provoked ten British soldiers. The soldiers fired at the colonists and killed or wounded eleven citizens. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence The British government did not collect much money from the colonists about 295 pounds. Finally the Townshend acts were repealed except the tax on tea. Samuel Adams wrote propaganda to support the colonists. He set up committees that would exchange information, which were committees of correspondence. Each colony established a committee that would exchange information. Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere In 1773, more colonists started to drink the English tea because it was cheaper than the smuggled tea although many colonists insisted on drinking the smuggled Dutch tea. The British East India Company was going to go into bankruptcy so the British government assisted and gave them a monopoly in the American colonies. The Americans could have bought tea at a very low price however, they believed that they shouldn't buy the tea. In Maryland one ship full of tea was burned. On December 16,1773 the Boston Tea Party took, place. 342 chests of tea was thrown into Boston harbor. Some people approved however some did not. The British Parliament was outraged. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" The so-called Intolerable Acts of 1774 were put into affect because of the Boston Tea Party. The main purpose was to punish Boston. Boston Harbor was closed, only essential items were allowed to enter the city. The town meeting was highly restricted. The Quebec Act of 1774 extended Canadian borders all the way to the Ohio River valley. The colonists were very angry over this because it meant they couldn't settle the Ohio River Valley. The Continental Congress and Bloodshed Many colonies shipped supplies to Massachusetts because of the Intolerable Acts. The Continental Congress was summoned to Philadelphia to discuss the current situation in the colonies. They met from September 5-October 26 in the year 1774 The Associate called for a complete boycott of all British goods. The colonists wished to make peace with England instead of going to war. The Congress was to meet with each other again in May 1775 if conditions did not improve. Parliament disregarded the colonies' messages. Some people were tarred and father while weapons and drilling took place so that they may be ready for war. In April 1775 British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord and were ordered to seize the colonists' weapons At Lexington, minutemen attacked the British. When they reached Concord they were under heavy attacked and sustained at least 300 causalities and 70 fatalities. Imperial Strength and Weakness England had considerable more wealth and military might than the colonies. There were also many more British The British had a professional military. Soldiers from Ireland had to be sent to America. Any Britons did not want to fight their own citizens. Also, the Whig faction wanted the Americans to win. The British military did not have good supplies to fight the colonists. The American colonies had no primary capitol that the British could attack. American Pluses and Minuses George Washington was an inspiring leader and Ben Franklin was a great diplomat. France provided support to the American colonies. Lafayette was an important general. The colonial military were self-reliant and could make their own food. The Americans had a cause to believe in. They were also fighting on their home ground. The Continental Congress was not good at directing the war effort. Sometimes the different colonies argued with each other. Inflation went sky high when the Continental Congress started to issue paper money. A Thin Line of Heroes Food, weapons, and other supplies were in short supply, the military suffered terribly. The American military was undependable. There were only a few Americans who were truly dedicated to the idea of independence. AP US History Chapter 8 Outline Dennis Cote Congress Drafts George Washington The 2nd Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775 in Philadelphia. They wanted to work together so that they can fix the problems with their government. They also wanted to raise money for an army and navy. George Washington was selected by them to be the general of all continental forces. He worked hard to and had a strong military presence. He was selected because they needed Virginia's support. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings In May 1775 Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold attacked Fort Ticonderoga and took the military supplies. In June 1775 the colonists took a position on Breed's Hill. The British launched a direct attack on the hill and the colonists inflicted 1000 causalities of the 3000 soldiers. In July 1775 the Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Pieties professing loyalty and requesting no more hostile attacks. In August 1775 King George III of England declared the colonies in rebellion. Hessian (German troops) were hired to help support the British. These soldiers eventually stayed in America after the war. The Abortive Conquest of Canada In October 1775 the British burned Portland Maine. The colonists launched an attack in to Canada hoping to gain Canada's support. They were able to take Montreal however they failed to take Quebec. In January 1776 Norfolk, Virginia was burned. In March 1776 Boston was evacuated. Thomas Pain Preaches Common Sense The Americans still felt loyalty to the Empire. In 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine was published which sold 120,000 copies. It preached it was common sense that America becomes independent. His book called for independence and republicanism. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. In the Declaration of Independence it gave reasons why the United States has become independent. He wrote of "natural rights" which the king had violated along with other acts he had done. Patriots and Loyalists Many colonists were neutral in the American Revolution. The colonial military were able to spread propaganda against the British government. The British had control on areas where there were many of them. The colonial military were able to harass small bits of the British military. The Loyalists were about 20% of the population. Conservative Americans were mostly loyalists. They were well educated and wealthy. Young people were mainly the revolutionaries. The Loyalists were strongest where the Anglican church was. While Washington's troops starved farmers who were loyal to the British were selling their corn to the British. Revolutionaries were most numerous in New England. The Loyalists Exodus Many loyalists were hung. 8000 Loyalists fled to Canada and their land was made to help the war effort. They were some 50000 Loyalists who helped the British fight. General Washington at Bay New York was made the center for British activities. In July 1776 500 ships with 38000 soldiers came to New York. Washington had to flee during the Battle of Long Island but fortunately General Howe did not peruse. On December 26, 1776 George Washington crossed the Delaware River to attack the British at Trenton. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion The British wanted to tkaw control of the Hudson River Valley. They decided to send forces led by General Burgoyne towards New York City from Canada. General Benedict Arnold assembled a small fleet to hold off the British forces until winter. General Burgoyne used a force of 7000 troops to start his attack. He made slow progress through the forest of New York. General Howe captured Philadelphia but he remained there while General Burgoyne was making his way through New York. Washington's troops were forced to retreat to Valley Forge where they suffered bitterly. General Benedict Arnold's soldiers were able to capture General Burgoyne troops at Saratoga. The battle of Saratoga gained the support of the French. Strange French Bedfellows France wanted to get rid of the British in America. Some of the aristocrats of France became interested in American independence while the government believed that it could be dangerous. After the battle of Lexington and Concord, the French gave the Americans military supplies. After the battle of Saratoga, British Parliament offered the Americans home rule. The French and Americans eventually formed an alliance, which guaranteed independence. The Americans were a little hesitant about accepting the French because they had a sense of isolationism and the French were Roman Catholics. The Colonial War Become a World War Spain and Holland joined France in supporting the colonies. Catherine the Great Russia organized an alliance to support neutral hostility towards England. England gave up fighting when many countries of the world started to gang up on it. The British left Philadelphia and returned to NYC to concentrate their power there. The colonists launched an attack on the British at Monmouth, New Jersey. The British mainly stayed in New York. Blow and Counterblow In the summer of 1780, 6000 French troops arrived in Rhode Island. Benedict Arnold almost betrayed America by giving West Point to the British. The fighting in the South became intense among the Patriots and Loyalists. In 1780 and 1781 the Americans won important victories at King Mountain and Cowpens. General Nathanael Greene was able to clear South Carolina and Georgia of British troops. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Many American Indians were paid to deliver American scalps. The Iroquois Confederacy, Oneidas, and the Tuscaroras helped the British. The American eventually got the violent American Indians under control and were forced to sign a treaty which gave Americans all their land. Americans still continued to move into the Ohio River Valley. George Rogers Clark captured British forts in the Ohio River Valley. The navy was able to capture many merchant ships. One important sailor was John Paul Jones who led many attacks on British ships. Privateers attacked also ships. The financial losses caused the merchants to urge Parliament to end the war. Yorktown and the Final Curtain The colonies started to have money problem, the states started to fight, and the military wanted their money. General Cornwallis retreated into Chesapeake Bay where he was hoping for British naval support. The French laid siege to Chesapeake Bay well the American came down from the north. Washington kept a careful watch on British activity in New York. Peace at Paris Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay were sent to France to negotiate a treaty with France. France wanted American to remain weak and to stay east of the Appalachian Mountains. John Jay made a treaty with England instead in 1783. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognized the United States and granted land to the Mississippi to the Great Lakes and down to Florida. The Americans had to not bother the Loyalists and try to return their land. The colonies had to repay the money. A Nation Legitimized The British government wanted to improve relationships with America and remove the alliance with France. France did eventually approve of the peace treaty. The British had been beaten and the French were going to meet their end soon. The Americans had come out victorious. Unavailable AP US History Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800 Dennis Cote A New Ship on Uncertain Water The population in the United States was doubling every 25 years. In 1790, the population was 4 million. Philadelphia had a population of 42000. However most of the population in the United States still lived in rural areas. Only 5% of the population lived west of the Allegheny Mountains. The states that had high population in or of the Allegheny Mountains were Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. The people who lived in the West were very independent. Revenue from taxes had greatly decreased. Public debt however continued to increase rapidly. Paper money was plentiful but was worthless. Metallic money was barley non-existent. Washington's Pro-Federalist Regime The Electoral College elected George Washington unanimously. On April 30, 1789 George Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States in New York City. Although the constitution did not state the need of a cabinet George Washington selected one. The Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson. Alexander Hamilton was selected as the treasurer. The Secretary of War was Henry Knox. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights was ratified in Congress on 1790. They were called the Bill of Rights. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the judiciary system. John Jay became the first Supreme Court Chief Justice. Alexander Hamilton became treasurer when he was 34. Some people said that he loved the US more than he loved the people who lived in it. Thomas Jefferson and him were archrivals because they believed in different political ideas. Hamilton believed that he should setup a system where the rich get richer and the prosperity will trickle down to the lower classes. He wanted to take everyone's debt and make it part of the national debt. The national debt amounted to around $54 million. The states' debt amounted to $21.5 million. Hamilton did this to strength a central national government. Virginia was not very happy with this arrangement however a compromise was worked out that put the District of Columbia in Virginia along the Potomac. Customs and Duties and Excise Taxes The total of the debt of the US was about $75 million. Hamilton believed that a national debt kept the country together. The money to pay off the debt was to come from tariffs. The first tariff law taxed certain items at around 8%. Hamilton knew that the Industrial Revolution would come to American and that they needed protection. There was 7 cent per gallon on whiskey. Hamilton Battle Jefferson for a Bank Hamilton wanted to form a national bank. It was to be called the Bank of the United States. The bank was to provide the government with a way to influence the economy. The bank was also to print money. Jefferson believed that the bank was unconstitutional. He believed that the power was no expressly stated in the constitution. Hamilton on the other hand believed that what the constitution did not forbid it, it allowed. He believed that it was an implied power. Hamilton believed that the government needs to take a more active role in the economy. The Bank of the United States was established in 1791. It had $10 million in capital and the US Government owned 1/5 of the bank. Stock in the bank was given to the public. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 took place in western Pennsylvania. Many people considered the whiskey tax unfair because some parts of the western country used whiskey as currency. They even tarred and feather many of the tax collectors. Washington summoned 13000 soldiers to put down this obvious disregard of American government. The Emergence of Political Parties Hamilton was able to regain the credit of the United States. Hamilton was the one of the strongest Federalists who believed in a strong central government. Thomas Jefferson believed in a weak central government and believed in strong state rights. He was a strong proponent of the Democratic-Republicans. The Impact of the French Revolution The French Revolution occurred during Washington's presidency. The French people wanted to impose constitutional restrictions on their king. Later France declared war on Austria. France defeated Austria and then declared themselves a republic. The Americans were joyous to hear that another country had beaten off tyranny. The King was beheaded in 1793 and Christianity was abolished in France. The people disapproved of the killing in France. Jefferson did not like the bloodshed however he believed that the road to freedom was not easy and that the lives of a few hundreds aristocrats were necessary to gain freedom and liberty. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Jefferson wanted to help to defend the French West Indies from the British. The United States had a friendship that bound France together. Washington nevertheless believed that the United States was too weak to enter war. Washington proclaimed neutrality in the Neutrality Proclamation declaring that the United State would remain neutral. Edmond Genet had arrived in South Carolina and tried to recruit American citizens to fight the British. Genet's actions were against American policy and he was ordered to leave the country. The US helped to support the French by giving precious food supplies. If the US had joined the French the n the British might have attacked the US. Embroilments with Britain The British continued to sell weapons and alcohol to the Native Americans in the old Northwest. The British also maintained forts to continue trade. General "Mad Anthony" Wayne defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. In the Treaty of Greenville of 1795 the Native Americans gave their land to the Americans. The British took many soldiers and made them serve on their ships. They also were forced to live in dungeons. The Jeffersonians/ Democratic-Republicans wanted to impose a national embargo against Britain. However, the Federalists believed that if they did it would cause severe damage to the American economy. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Chief Justice John Jay was sent to London to work out an agreement with them about their present situation. Jeffersonians were very unhappy about sending a federalist. The British agreed to abandon their forts however John Jay was skeptical because they had told him in 1783 the same thing. The British also agreed to repay any financial losses incurred by them. However, the British refused not to take any more Americans from the ships. The Americans were also still required to pay back the money from the Revolution. The Jeffersonians were not very happy about this arrangement because this meant that the South would have to pay large amounts of money. Effigies were hung of John Jay. The Pinckney Treaty of 1795 granted the united States navigation f the Mississippi and Florida. George Washington decided to retire in 1796. In his farewell address, he told the people to avoid permanent alliances and rather temporary alliance in emergencies. Washington had been able to establish a strong government. Washington had guided the country through the first years. "Bonny Johnny" Adams Becomes President The Federalists nominated John Adams. The Democratic-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson. There were high tensions between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. John Adams became the second President with 71-68 votes of the Electoral College. John Adams was intelligent however he lacked tack. Thomas Jefferson was named his Vice-President. Hamilton had left Washington's cabinet and now was part of the war faction of the Federalists party. Hamilton turned Adams cabinet into a conspiracy against him. John Adams also had to contend with the French. Unofficial Fighting with France The French were outraged by Jay's treaty because they believed that it would lead to an alliance between the US and England. The French seized sailors off of American ships. They also refused to accept the new envoy and threatened to arrest him. John Adams decided to send three diplomats including John Marshall, future chief justice. They were approached by 3 men who told them they had to pay 32 million florins and a bribe of $250,000 for the privilege to speak with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The Americans considered these terms intolerable. John Marshal came back to the US and was hailed a hero for retaining his integrity. There was now a feeling of war in the country towards France. Preparations for another war against France such as the establishment of the Marine Corp and the expansion of the Navy. The US was able to capture over 80 French ship although hundreds of American ships were lost. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party Talleyrand decides that he should let the Americans send a new minister to France and he would be received properly. Adams knew he had to avoid war at all cost so he decided to agree to this. Hamilton and war hawks were enraged about this agreement. The new American envoys found the political situation better in France. Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to stop fighting with the Americans. In the Convention of 1800, the Americans and French ended their military alliance. John Adams can be credited making peace with the French. The Federalist Witch Hunt The Federalists pushed many bills trough Congress that would suppress the Jeffersonians. The Federalists wanted to cut down on immigration into the United States. They made requirements such as people had to stay in the country 14 years to become a citizen. The President was given power to deport dangerous individuals during time of peace and imprison them during time war. The Sedition Act stated that anyone who hindered the government policies or slandered government officials could be punished. Many newspaper editors were arrested and ten of them were brought to trial. The trials were unfair because the juries usually consisted mainly of Federalists. Congressman Matthew Lyon was sentenced for 4 months in prison. The Supreme Court which consisted mainly of Federalists were unwilling to declare the law unconstitutional. Thankfully, Alien and Sedition Acts expired in 1801. The Alien and Sedition acts however were extremely popular. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Jefferson was afraid that his party would be destroyed and the country would have only one dictatorial political government. He was able to send resolutions through the Kentucky legislature. His friend James Adams was able to do the same thing in Virginia. Jefferson and Madison believed in the compact theory. They believed that states had created the federal government and had a contract or "compact" concerning the federal government's jurisdiction. Jefferson believed that the federal government had exceeded it jurisdiction and should be nullified. The Federalists argued that it wasn't the state responsibility but the people. They also believed that the Supreme Court was the only people who could judge the constitutionally of the government's actions. Jefferson's beliefs championed states rights, which would later be used by the South during the Civil War. Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans Hamilton believed that the best people should rule the country. Hamilton wanted a strong central government so that it might keep radicals under control. Private enterprise was also very important to Federalists doctrine. Mostly the rich merchants were the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson led the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republicans was mostly the middle-poor people. The other aristocratic people called Jefferson a traitor. He believed that a strong central government would turn into a dictatorship. He believed that there should be a strict interpretation of the constitution. Jefferson strongly believed in agriculture and consequently had a lot of support from the South and Southwest. Thomas Jefferson believed that only literate men should be able to vote. Free speech was important according to Thomas Jefferson. The United States still had trouble ahead. AP US History Chapter 11 Outline Dennis Cote The Triumph of Jeffersonian Democracy 1800-1809 Federalist and Republican Mudslingers The Federalists had many enemies because of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams represented the Federalists. Jefferson represented the Democratic-Republicans. The Hamiltonian wing of the Federalists Party broke with President Adams. The Hamiltonians had raised the public debt and the war with France did not occur. The Federalists spread rumors about Jefferson having an affair with his slave. The clergy told them Jefferson was an atheist and not to vote for him. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Jefferson had won the presidency by 73 to 65 electoral votes. Aaron Barr had managed to get New York to vote for Jefferson. Jefferson was joyous about winning the presidency. However since there were the same number of votes the House of Representatives. The sessions took a long time however eventually Jefferson was elected. The reason why it was a revolution because it was peaceful transfer of power between two different political ideologies. The Federalist Finale The Federalists faded into non-existent. The Federalists were mainly the elitists of society. The Federalists did make important contributions to early American society such as maintaining it through the first hard years, developing diplomatic relations with other countries, etc. The Federalists disappeared because they were too conservative and did not want to go west. Responsibility Breed Moderation Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated president March 4, 1801 in Washington DC. Jefferson did not like all the pomp so he simply walked to the Capitol. Jefferson wanted to make friends with the Federalists. During the state dinners, seating wasn't by rank. Since Jefferson did not have a wife, he dressed very sloppily. The President sent messages to Congress. Jefferson soon learned that theory is much different than application. Jefferson fired Very few people from their office. The Federalists feared that Jefferson would be mean but that proved untrue. Politics was Jefferson's strong point. His charm was one of his most important qualities. Jeffersonian Restraint Helps to Further a "Revolution" The people punished by the Alien and Sedition Acts were released from prison and the fines returned. Naturalization would also only require 5 years. The excise tax was removed although that cut off $1 million. Albert Gallatin was the new treasurer and did not want a public debt. He managed to reduce it and balance the budget. Jefferson left most of the government intact. He even increased the power of the Bank of the United States and made a higher tariff. The transfer of power was peaceful. The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary The Judiciary Act of 1801was one of the most important laws. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other related offices. John Adams stayed up to 9 PM on his last night to sign in 3 new judges. The Jeffersonians considered this act a attempt to control the government. The new Congress decided to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801. The Jeffersonians wanted to remove Chief Justice John Marshall however they failed. Marshall continued to hand down Federalists decisions. William Marbury, justice of the peace for DC wanted to bring his case before the Supreme Court because of the Jeffersonians Marshall dismissed it case because he believed that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court now had finally asserted their power as being supreme in the United States. Jefferson Threaten the Supremacy of the Supreme Court The Jeffersonians were very angry now with the Supreme Court because of their decisions. One judge was Samuel Chase who was arrogant. They attempted to impeach but were unable to find him guilty of "high crimes." The Pacifist Jefferson Turns Warrior Jefferson reduced the military to 2500. He even reduced the military. This would prove fatal. The Pasha of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States in 1801. President Jefferson sent a small fleet of ships to Tripoli. The treaty in Tripoli of 1805 finally made peace at the cost of $60000. Fighting did continue in the Mediterranean until the War of 1812. Other nations soon had respect for the United States. Jefferson soon built 200 small gunboats to protect American shores. These ships had only one gun and could be blown inland up to eight miles. The fleet was unable to defend America during the War of 1812. The Louisiana Godsend Napoleon was able to get the King of Spain to give him Louisiana in 1800. The Spanish then withdrew from New Orleans in 1802. The Americans became very angry and wanted something done. Jefferson decided to send James Monroe to Paris so that he and Robert Livingstone could work out a treaty for New Orleans for $10 million. If negotiations failed, they were to make a treaty with Great Britain instead. Napoleon had decided to sell Louisiana because he unable to conquer Santo Domingo. Toussaint L'Ouverture led the revolt in Santo Domingo. Napoleon also did not want the Americans to make a military treaty with England. He hoped the Americans would be able to take over the New World and remove the British. The Louisiana Purchase was finalized on April 30, 1803. The US received it for $15 million. Out-Federalizing the Federalists in Louisiana Jefferson was startled to hear about the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson wanted to decide what to do with the land. He decided to submit the treaties to the Senate for ratification. The Louisiana Purchase was about 828,000 sq. miles and cost about 3 cents per acre. The Federalists argued that the government had no right to make such an addition. The Federalists knew that the new land would mean an end to the Federalists. The Louisiana Purchase was the crowning accomplishment of Jefferson's presidency. Louisiana in the Long View The Louisiana Purchase had doubled the size of the US. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore this unknown wilderness. Zeublon Pike explored Colorado and the headwaters of the Mississippi. The United States maintained their non-intervention policy. The Federalists were ever falling into despair. Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804. Aaron Burr was arrested and tried for treason by Chief Justice Marshall pardoned him. American: A Nutcrackered Neutral Jefferson was elected 162 to 14. In 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar Lord Nelson was able to defeat a combined Spanish and French fleet and guaranteed English naval superiority. The Battle of Austerlitz in Austria ensured French land superiority. The Orders of Council closed all ports under French control to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering all ships at British forts to be seized. The US shippers refused to be swayed so they decided to smuggle the merchandise. British Man-Stealing Many Americans were forced into service in the British navy. The London government said that only British citizens could be taken. However 6000 Americans were captured between 1801-1811. Many deserters decided to work in the US Navy. A royal frigate attacked the USS Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. The captain refused to return 4 of the British sailors. The Chesapeake received heavy damage. Jefferson's Backfiring Embargo The Navy was weak and not ready to fight a war. Europe relied on the United States for raw materials and food. Jefferson believed that if he cut off supplies that Europe would stop being disrespectful. The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed. The US suffered greatly because of the embargo. A trade with Canada began. On March 1, 1809 Congress repealed the Embargo Act. The Non-Intercourse Act reopened trade with Europe however it did not allow trade with England or France. The Wooden-Gun Embargo: A Successful Failure Jefferson was unable to anticipate for all the negative possible consequences. The British were hit more badly that than French. Napoleon applauded the embargo but seized American on the ocean. One benefit of the embargo was that New England opened up factories. England suffered sever economic losses The Living Jefferson Jefferson remained popular even though of the embargo. Jefferson could have had a third term but decided not to run again. Jefferson was afraid if a person was to be elected three times it would be like a dictator. Jefferson left the White House knowing he had kept the United States out of wars, had faith in the people, and preserved democracy. Chapter 12 Outline James Madison and the Second War for Independence 1809-1815 Dennis Cote Madison: Dupe of Napoleon President James Madison took the presidential oath on March 4, 1809. James Madison had a hard presidency. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 which prohibited trading with France and England. In Macon's Bill No.2 it stated that whatever country repealed its non-importation acts the US would start trading again with it. Napoleon repealed his non-importation laws so that Britain wouldn't have American products. Non-importation was thus renewed against Britain. The British were very angry about the Americans siding with the French. War Whoops Arouse the War Hawks The Congress of 1811 was comprised of many War Hawks. These new people wanted a war with England. Many of these people came from the South and West. Henry Clay became the Speaker of the House and he was a War Hawk. These new people wanted to settle the west. Kentucky was considered a buffer state. Many Native Americans were being pushed further West. The Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to form a Native American alliance. Unfortunately, they failed because General William Henry Harrison conquered their headquarters at Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was killed in 1813. Andrew Jackson conquered many of the Creeks in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The House of Representatives called for an invasion of Canada to end British support. The Americans believed that they could show their power. Finally on June 1812 they were able to declare war with a vote of 79-49 in the House and 19-13 in the Senate. Mr. Madison's War The frontier people thought that it would be easy to conquer Canada. The Federalists opposed going into Canada because it would lessen their power. New England did not want to fight a war. Fight over Canada on Land and Lakes There was no united national feeling to fight the war. The war hawks only made up a small minority of Congress. In Congress, there was great disunity. The United States was not prepared for war. There was no national bank to back the government financially. The army and navy were not prepared to launch an attack or defend the country. The Americans attacked with three forces and all of them were beaten back. Oliver Hazard Perry was able to capture the British ships that were located on Lake Erie. The British were going to send down vessels down the Hudson River. Thomas Macdonough was able to hold them off. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended About 4000 British soldiers landed in Chesapeake Bay and burned Washington DC. At Fort McHenry, the Americans were able to hold off the British. Francis Scott Key wrote a poem, which was put to music and is now known as "the star-spangled Banner." The British attempted to attack New Orleans on January 8, 1815 however Andrew Jackson was able to defend New Orleans. The British lost two thousand soldiers during this war and then decided to ask for peace. Ship Duels and Privateer Prizes The American was better prepared than the army. The British had 219 ships. The Americans had only 16 ships. The Americans won four out of five single battles. One well-known ship was the Constitution. The British lost more ships to the Americans than they had to the Spanish and French. Privateers were able to chase British ships all the way to the English Channel and Irish Sea. The Treaty of Ghent Alexander I of Russia pushed for a treaty between the United States. The British made demands for a Native American buffer state, control of the Great Lakes, and part of Maine. The Americans did not accept these terms. The British eventually gave in because they had larger problems. Federalists Grievances and the Hartford Convention The Federalists started to talk about leaving the United States. The Hartford Convention convened on December 15, 1814 and ran to January 5, 1815. New England hoped to have their power back once more. The Second War for American Independence The Americans tried to attack Canada with only 5000 troops. The Americans got respect from other countries. The diplomats also received more respect. The army and navy gained a better reputation. The Native Americans did not pose a serious threat anymore because they didn't have British support. Industries flourished in the country. International Legacies The Americans still hated the British. However, the War of 1812 was the last war between the two countries. The people of Canada also got a higher feeling of nationalism and patriotism because they had fought off the Americans. The Canadians felt like the Treaty of Ghent gypped them. The Rush-Bagot agreement had severe disarmament on the Great Lakes. The Americans became more democratic, liberal, and free. They moved West and expanded the US. Chapter 13 Outline The Postwar Upsurge of Nationalism 1815-1824 Dennis Cote Nascent Nationalism The US had a strong sense of nationalism after the War of 1812. The reason for the strong sense of nationalism can be contributed to loss of ideas as being citizens of certain states but instead of being citizens of America. New authors such as Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper became famous international in the 1820s. The books used in schools now were being written by Americans. Painters started to paint America. A new national capital rose from the ashes. The army now enlisted about ten thousand people. The Navy also gained new popularity. The need for a national bank was demonstrated so it was back in 1816. The total amount of capital was $35 million nearly 3.5 times more than the original bank. The Federalists were against the bank. "The American System" The Americans had developed good industries. The British wished to stop the Americans by flooding them with goods from England. The Tariff of 1816 stopped the British. It had rates from 20-25%. The South supported the Tariff of 1816. One of the important Congressman was John Calhoun of South Carolina. Daniel Webster opposed the tariff because he thought it might interfere with shipping. Henry Clay wanted the American System. The American System met that the economy would be protected by tariffs. The money from tariffs would pay for transportation routes into the interior of the country so those goods can be traded in the interior. The public wanted money for roads. Congress passed the Bonus Bill, which could have allocated $1.5 million but President Madison vetoes the bill because roads and canals were not stated in the constitution. New York built their canal the Erie Canal. The Federalists didn't want roads because it would take away population. The so-called Era of Good Feeling James Monroe was 6 feet tall. James Monroe won by a vote of 183 to 34. The Hamiltonians died out after the Monroe election. Monroe traveled around the country. Sectionalism started to happen during the Monroe administration. When the Federalists had died it left the country under a one party system. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times In 1819, there was a severe depression, which brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses. A depression would occur about every 20 years. The Bank of the United States had become involved in speculation of land therefore they suffered heavy losses. Sectionalism came back in many parts of the country because they were all trying to bail each other out of debt. The Bank of the United States foreclosed on many farms. The Land Act of 1800 and then amended in 1804 said that a person could buy 200 acres of land at $2 an acre with a down payment of $80. The improved Land Act of 1820 stated that a person could buy a minimum of 80 acres of land at $1.25 which then equal about $100. The poor were severely hit by the panic of 1819. Growing Pains in the West Nine frontier states joined the Union between 1791-1819. The states were admitted either as free or slave. Many of the people moved West to get land. European immigrants went West The removal of the Native American let people move in. The Cumberland Road ran from Maryland to Illinois. Steamboats allowed for expansion into the West. The West did not have strong political influence so therefore affiliated itself with other sections of the country. The West fought the authoritative Bank of the United States. Slavery and the Sectional Balances Missouri wanted to join as a slave state. The House of Representatives had the Tallmadge amendment, which said no more slaves could be brought in and the children of slaves would be freed. Some people wanted uninhibited western expansion. The Federalists wanted to break the back of the Virginia dynasty. The Southerns believed that the Tallmadge amendment was a threat to them. The North was becoming more powerful but the decade thus threatening the South. Missouri was the first state to come from the Louisiana Purchase and would set a precedent. If Congress could stop slavery there, they could stop slavery altogether. Some people started to talk about the evils of slavery. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise The Missouri of Comprise was important. Henry Clay of Kentucky played an important part. Missouri was admitted as a slave state. Maine was admitted as a free state. All future slavery was not allowed north of 36 degrees and 30 minutes north. Both the North and South gained something. The Missouri Compromise kept the Union together for another thirty-four years. The South started develop its own form of sectional nationalism. The North continued to gain military strength over the South. James Monroe received every vote except one vote. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Chief Justice John Marshall led the Supreme Court. John Adams had appointed John Marshall. John Marshall had served at Valley Forge. John Marshall was a Federalist. John Marshall over years had made the Supreme Court considerably the most powerful branch. John Marshall led the Supreme Court in distinct Hamiltonian philosophies. The Supreme Court Curbs States' Rights The case McCulloh v. Maryland (1819) was important because John Marshall had an emphasis on the federal government. The state of Maryland was denied the right to tax the Bank of the United States. He said the government could act for the people's benefit. He said that the constitution should adapted to the changing of time. The case of Cohens v. Virginia (1821) allowed that the Supreme Court be able to review state supreme court decisions. The case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was about interstate trading however John Marshall asserted that Congress alone had the power to regulate interstate trading. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses The case of Fletcher v. Peck (1810) was about land fraudulently given to private speculators by the Georgia legislature. The Supreme Court ruled that even though fraudulently acquired the contract remained. This meant that popular opinion could not sway politics. Dartmouth College v. Woodward was important because the state of New Hampshire wanted to revoke their charter which had been granted by King George III. John Marshall stated that the college could retain their charter. Daniel Webster liked to visit the Supreme Court. Daniel Webster helped to support a strong Union. John Marshall kept democratic excesses in check. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida John Quincy Adams was a very good statesman. The Treaty of 1818 allowed the Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with the Canadians. The treaty also fixed the borders of the Louisiana Purchase around the 49th parallel. Also the British and Americans agreed to share Oregon. Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, which was under Spanish control and took the Spanish forts of St. Marks and Pensacola. President Monroe was very unhappy with Andrew Jackson's actions and so therefore consulted his cabinet. John Quincy Adams stated that they should contact the Spanish and inform them they had violated the Spanish-American Treaty of 1795. He told the Spanish should either control Florida or give it to the US. The Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, Spain gave Florida and Oregon. The Menace of Monarchy in America Americans felt bad for people who were crushed because they wanted democracy. The czar of Russia stated its North American boundaries went as far as British Columbia to around 51 degrees North. George Canning the British foreign minister wanted the US to help make a declaration about European involvement in the New World. Monroe and His Doctrine Jefferson and Madison wanted to join the British. Secretary Adams said to beware the British. Secretary Adams believed that the British wanted to do this so that Americans would not harm their colonies in the Caribbean. The Monroe Doctrine was delivered in the State of the Union address on December 2, 1823. The Monroe Doctrine met there could be no more colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere from Europe. Monroe told Europe to stay out and America would stay of Europe. Monroe's Dictum Abroad The Americans liked the doctrines because it kept out the Europeans. The British had mixed reactions. The monarchs of Europe did not like the declaration of America. Many Americans forgot about however it was revived in 1845. Russia had signed the Russo-American Treaty, which set their boundaries at 54 degrees and 40 minutes north. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised The Monroe Doctrine could be called the self-defense Doctrine because it was written to defend America. The Monroe Doctrine can be traced back to previous Presidents. The Monroe Doctrine stated the President's opinion, however the Monroe Doctrine was never a law. Chapter 14 Outline The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy 1824-1830 Dennis Cote Politics for the People The Federalists did not trust the people. Politicians in the 1820's had to gain favor with the people. People who were born in log cabin were lucky because it made them a people person. A person who had military experience was thought to be better for political office. Examples are Andrew Jackson and Davy Crockett. Jacksonian democracy stated that the people should govern. The common man was nor becoming involved in politics. Universal manhood suffrage was the basis for the New Democracy. Vermont and the West included universal manhood suffrage instead of property rights The judges were even being elected by popular vote. The "snobbish bigwigs" were afraid of the common people. Nourishing the New Democracy The Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Comprise are partly responsible for the New Democracy. The farmers strongly resented the government banks. Andrew Jackson wanted to get ride of the paper money and replace it with hard money. The people who opposed believed that the government had a role with the country's economy. The South came into politics because it realized that the North did not want slavery. The South found out it had to take part in the government. The number of people voting greatly increased. In 1824 only 25% of the people voted however by 1840 78% voted. The people running for office now had to go and meet the people. The people were electing the members of the Electoral College. Presidential nominations by congressional caucuses were stopped. The Adams-Clay "Corrupt Bargaining" The Presidential candidates of 1824 were Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William Crawford of Georgia, and John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts. All the candidates called themselves Republicans. Jackson received as many popular votes as his other two not including Clay. However, Jackson failed to receive a majority in the Electoral College. Clay presided over the House hearings. Crawford had a paralytic stroke. Jackson was Clay's rival in the West. Clay decided to give support to John Quincy Adams. In 1825, the House decided that John Quincy Adams would be President. John Clay was declared the Secretary of State. The Jacksonians were very angry over the Presidential election. However, there is no evidence of a bargain occurring. A Yankee Misfit in the White House John Quincy Adams was 5feet 7 inches and was bald. He sometimes went swimming in the Potomac River in the morning. Adams was noted for his irritably, sarcasm, and no tact. He was very successful as Secretary of State. Only one third of the votes were for Adams. Adams had gotten into office by gaining respect and had very little political abilities. Not many people were removed from office and thus many of his supporters left his side. The President did not notice how the country was breaking apart. There were presidential bills in Congress that would allow for roads, canals, national university, and an observatory. The common people thought that these bills were pointless. The South was afraid that if the government could extend this much power then it could stop slavery. President Adams tried to deal the Native American fairly however the Georgia government intervened and stopped President Adams. The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations" Congress in 1824 raised the tariff from 23% to 37%. However, people wanted more protection. Jacksonites decided to make a bill that would have a tariff of 45% on raw materials such as wool. New England would not want this bill because this would hurt trade. Jackson's followers hoped that this would boost Jackson. New England decided to go along with the bill because they realized that their future lied in manufacturing and that the South lay in cotton. The South did not like the tax because it interfered with trade. The South was also afraid that the government may still use it power to end slavery. The southern seaboard was experiencing economic trouble while the northeast was experiencing great prosperity. The West was experiencing great affluence as well. The Southwest was also being planted with new tracts of cotton land. The Tariff Yoke in the South The Southerners believed that the tariff was discriminating against them. For example, if English shoes only cost $1.25 and shoes from Massachusetts cost $1.50. However with a tariff of $.50 that English shoes would cost $1.75. If the Americans bought less then the English would also spend less. The South did not see that they could trade with the North. John Calhoun wrote the "The South Carolina Exposition" which stated that the states could nullify the laws in their states. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 The Republicans had split into two camps. There was one of these camps was the Nationalistic Republicans, which was led by Adams. Jackson led the Democratic-Republicans. The Hickory trees and Adams represented Jackson by the Oak tree. The people wanted Jackson to become President because he would represent the people. Adams did not personally attack Jackson. However his followers called Jackson's mother a prostitute, and said that he was an adulterer. Jackson's wife died soon after he got into office and Jackson never forgave them. Jackson's followers said that Adams was gambling in the White House. Also, they said he was a pimp by getting a servant girl for the Minister of Russia. The Jacksonian "Revolution of 1828" Jackson won with electoral votes of 178-83. The common people voted mainly for Jackson. This was a revolution because the people now had power. The Election of 1828 transferred the power from the elite to the common people. Adams became a member of the House of Representatives for 17 years and championed for free government, speech, soil, and people. Adams became popular when he died in 1848 at the age of eighty. The Advent of "Old Hickory" Jackson Andrew Jackson was 6 feet 1 inch. Jackson represented the new West. Jackson was a folk hero to the people of the West. He liked to engage in physical sports however he developed acceptable literacy. He went to Tennessee where he became judge and member of Congress. He won the title of "Old Hickory" because of his fortitude. Jackson did not have a college education. The Hermitage near Nashville, Tennessee was Jackson's residence. He wanted the government to return just to the powers stated in the Constitution. However, he asserted that the federal government was more powerful than the states. He wanted all his people to be loyal to him. Jackson used the veto sometimes because he did no like the person. When Jackson became President at the inaugural ball, there was a lot of trouble. Much of the furniture and china was damaged. The conservatives were very worried by these recent events. Jackson Nationalizes the Spoils System Jefferson had started the spoils system. Jackson expanded greatly on the spoils system throughout the country. Political parties had not changed since 1800 however no great turnover occurred. Some people who were put in office by Washington still existed. Some government officials did not carry on their jobs very well. Jacksonites believed that there should be new blood and alertness in the government. The New Democracy believed that everyone should get a chance in office. More Victors Than Spoils Jackson wanted to get ride of all the followers of Adams. Only 1/5 of the government was removed. Jackson was not able to remove all the people from office. Many people felt very insecure because they realized that experience did not usually count. Loyalty to the party was more important than the country. Many people who had paid their way to office were not very good at office. One person named Samuel Swartout stole one million dollars from the Washington government by not collecting customs. Cabinet Cries and Nationalistic Setbacks The Cabinet of Jackson was unimpressive and did very little. Martin Van Buren was the only valuable who could pull strings. There was also the Kitchen Cabinet, which were the friends of the President who advised him on issues. Secretary of War Eaton married boardinghouse keeper Peggy O'Neale. There was a great scandal surrounding the marriage. Jackson's women of his family neglected her. Jackson tried to get her to be accepted however the women did not want her. Secretary Van Buren gained favoritism with the President and made him turn against his Vice-President Calhoun. Calhoun then became a Senator of South Carolina. Calhoun became a supporter of Southern sectionalism. Jackson did not spend money on roads that would not improve interstate trading. He vetoed the bill for Maysville, which was entirely in Henry Clay's Kentucky. The Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel The West was draining population away from the North. A senator from New England wanted a resolution that would curb land sale in the West. The West was very angry about the resolutions. The South wanted an ally against the North so it sided with the West. Robert Hayne became the spokesman of the South. Hayne said that nullification was a way to protect minority interest. Hayne wanted to protect Southern state rights while keeping together the Union. Daniel Webster however disagreed and said that the Constitution was the result of the people. He said that the Supreme Court alone could the constitutionality of laws. The states could no decide which laws to follow and which not too. Websterian Cement for the Union Hayne was very good on historical and economic grounds. Webster was better at constitutional practicalities and common sense. Many northerners wanted the union to stay together. The South wanted to catch Jackson in toast for Jefferson however, Jackson knew ahead of time what they were up to. Jackson said to Calhoun "Our Union: it must be preserved!" Calhoun replied with "The union, next to our liberty, most dear!" Jackson did not want any back talk from the states who tried to over power the federal government. Chapter 15 Outline Jacksonian Democracy at Flood Tide 1830-1840 Dennis Cote "Nullies" in South Carolina The people of South Carolina did not like the "abominable" Tariff of 1828 because it caused economic trouble. Also, it said that the federal government could interfere with them as possibly slavery. Some people in South Carolina wore homespun clothes in protest. They tried very hard to get 2/3 of the vote in the state legislature however "Unionists" Congress put in the Tariff of 1824, which lowered it to 35%. Nullification was an important issue in the election of 1832 The "Nullies" won a 2/3 majority in the legislature and decided to call a special convention. Their convention stated that the Tariff of 1832 was null and void in South Carolina. South Carolina also made military preparations. South Carolina threatened to leave the Union if the federal government attempted to collect the taxes. President Jackson reacted by sending ships to the area and all started an army. Henry Clay decided to have a compromise that would lower the tariff for the next 10 years so it would as low as the Tariff of 1816. New England and the Middle States protested the taxes. The Tariff of 1833 eventually passed through Congress. Also, the Force Bill was passed which would allow the federal government to collect tariffs. Some of the Unionists prepared for a war. Another convention was founded and repealed the ordinance of nullification however it nullified the Force Act. A Victory for Both Union and Nullification Jackson and the Nullies neither won the battle however Jackson was applauded for avoiding an armed conflict. South Carolina was happy because it had managed to pressure the government into reducing the tariffs. South Carolina was not very forgiving and in fact held a party because of their "victory." South Carolina decided that they should move towards secession instead of nullification. Many people looked back and saw that they were foolish. Jackson should have stopped South Carolina before it could cause more trouble. Calhoun was hailed as the "First President of the Southern Confederacy." The Unionists did not attack and that was good because they were ill prepared. The Bank as a Political Football President Jackson did not like powerful monopolies such as the Bank of the United States. Henry Clay wanted to re-charter the Bank in 1832, which was 4 years ahead of time. Henry Clay wanted to rush the bill through Congress. If Jackson vetoes it would alienate him from the West and if he approved it would alienate him from the Rich East. Clay did not know that the rich were not a minority. Jackson said he would kill the Bank. The charter went quickly through Congress. Jackson vetoed the bill and said it was unconstitutional although McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) had said it was constitutional. Jackson believed that the executive branch was more powerful. Jackson believed that the Bank was Anti-American because some owners were Britons. The reason why Jackson vetoed the bill was because it endangered the country. Brickbats and Bouquets for the Bank The Bank had foreclosed on many people. Many rich people ran the Bank. Fifty-nine members of Congress borrowed from the Bank. The Bank was very sound and could guarantee people money. "Old Hickory" Crushes Clay in 1832 Jackson who believed in rotational office decided to run again for President. John Clay decided to also run for Presidency. The new anti-Masonic party which was against the Masons. The Anti-Masons appealed to the Americans because of its dislike for secret societies. Many of the Anti-Masons beliefs were the same accept it going against the Masons. Jackson was a Mason and therefore against the Anti-Masons. Also, the Anti-Masons were involved with many evangelical groups. The election of 1832 had three conventions and platforms. The Bank of the United States gave Henry Clay $50000 for his campaign. The Bank also paid any editors to write articles for Clay. Webster even supported Henry Clay. Jackson won by 219-49 counts. The Anti-Masons only got votes in Vermont. Jackson won even in states such as Pennsylvania and New York. Henry Clay had hoped that the rich would vote for him and he would win. However there are more poor and than rich. Badgering Biddle's Bank Jackson wanted to get rid of the bank. Biddle (President of the Bank) was going to manipulate the Bank so it can be re-charted. Jackson removed all the money from the Bank. He decided not to put in any money in the Bank. Jackson had to get a Secretary of Treasury who would do what he wanted. The extra money would go to other state banks. Biddle decided to most of the loans and caused many of the banks couldn't give it bank. "Wildcat" currency was worthless. Specie Circular was passed by Congress, which required all land to be paid in metallic money. Transplanting Tribes American population in 1830 was 13 million. This was more than three times the amount in 1790. Much of the lands east of the Mississippi were states leaving Native Americans. 125,000 Native American lived in this land. The Washington administration viewed them as separate nations and people could only gain land through formal treaties however sometimes the Native Americans were gypped. Many Americans believed that they could assimilate Native Americans into society. The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded 1787. Congress appropriated $20000 for literacy, agricultural, and vocation. The Cherokees of Georgia settled down, formed agricultural settlements, and adopted the belief of owning land. Missionaries opened schools. Sequoyah developed an alphabet. In 1808 the Cherokee wrote a legal code and then in 1827 a written constitution which had an executive, legislative, and judicial branch. Some Cherokees became prosperous cotton planters. In 1828, Georgia declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and decided to take control of them. The Cherokees appealed the action of Georgia to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld their rights three times. However, Jackson refused to recognize the Supreme Court's decisions. Jackson said, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it." Jackson himself had raised and a Native American boy. He made a decision to relocate the Native Americans to the west in Oklahoma. One hundred thousand Native Americans were forcibly removed from their land. The Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830, stated that all the Native Americans east of the Mississippi would be removed. The path, which they took, was known as the "Trail of Tears." The Bureau of Indian Affairs was started so that it could conduct affairs however it did not hold up its mission. The Illinois and Wisconsin led by Black Hawk led resistance however they were crushed. In Florida, the Seminoles and escaped slaves retreated in the Florida Everglades. The War went on from 1835-1842 and resulted in the loss of 1500 soldiers. Their leader was captured in 1837 however the Seminoles continued to fight for the five years. The Lone Star Texas Flickers The United States had given Texas to Spain in 1819 however many Americans wanted the land. Spain wished to populate the land however they lost Mexico. Mexico had granted land to Stephen Austin in 1823, which he would bring three hundred American families. The immigrants to be Roman Catholics and also be Mexicanized. The Americans of Texas were true Americans at heart and resented the military presence of Mexican soldiers who were ex-criminals. There were about 35000 Americans in Texas by 1835. Some famous people who had moved to Texas were Davy Crockett, James Bowie, and the former governor of Tennessee Sam Houston. Trouble began among the Americans and Mexicans about slavery, immigration, and local rights. Mexico had freed the slaves in 1830 restricted further importation into Texas and also no more Americans. The Texans refused to recognize the Mexican government laws. Stephen Austin went to Mexico City to negotiate the differences however Santa Anna put him in jail for 8 months. Santa Anna then wiped out local rights and started to raise an army. Early in 1836 declared independence from Mexico. Sam Houston was the President. Santa Anna came into Mexico, devastated much of Texas, and killed many Americans. The Alamo had held out for 30 days. Some important people who were there was Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. Four hundred Americans were killed at Goliad. Some battle cries of the time were "Remember the Alamo!" "Remember Goliad", and "Death to Santa Anna." Americans in the US went to Texas to help defend their families and friends. Sam Houston who was retreating to San Jacinto (present day Houston) decided to finally attack on April 21, 1836. He attacked them during their siesta hour and captured Santa Anna who signed two treaties. The treaties stated that all Mexican troops had to leave and recognize the southern boarder as Rio Grande. Texas: An International Derelict Mexico was mad at the US because Texas had received American help. American public opinion was for the Texas. The US government though stated they had neutrality. Jackson was not sure what to do because he felt sympathy toward Texas however, he was not sure if he should recognize Texas as a sovereign nation. Jackson got Martin Van Buren to be elected. Jackson on his last day started recognition procedures in 1837. Slavery however was an important issue in admitting Texas. The Birth of the Whigs and the Election of 1836 The people who opposed Jackson were called Whigs. They dubbed Jackson "king Andrew I." The reason why they were called the Whigs was because it related to the 18th century people who opposed monarchies. The Whigs were a highly diverse party and the only thing that kept them together was their dislike for Jackson. Clay and Calhoun joined the Whigs because they were going to write censure for transferring federal funds out of the Bank of the United States. The Whigs attracted Clay's American System, Southern states' righters, Northern industrialists, and Protestants associated with the Anti-Masons. When the Presidential election came, the Whigs were unable to produce a candidate so instead they ran many different candidates to spread the votes apart who very popular people. The Whigs selected General Henry Harrison the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Jacksonites had selected Martin Van Buren. Van Buren won the election by 170-124 votes in the Electoral College. Jackson had strengthened the power of the executive branch, brought politics to the common people, and united the powerful Democratic nations. Jackson caused extensive to the financial system of the US. The near destruction of the Bank resulted in the lost of a central place to store money. The other banks in the United States could result in the loss of people's money. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Martin Van Buren was the 8th President of the United States who He had a lot of experience in administration and legislation. Many democrats resented Van Buren. Van Buren also got the enemies of Jackson. A rebellion in 1837 resulted in fights along the northern border. Van Buren tried to keep neutrality. Also, during his presidency there was a depression. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury The panic of 1837 was the risky land speculation. There was also tremendous loss in grain, which resulted in high prices. There were also, failures of two important British banks in 1836, which made them, call in many foreign loans. Hundreds of banks closed including "pet banks." Public land also was being sold. Also customs were lost because of the foreign manufactures was drying up. There were many poor people because they lost their jobs at the factory. The Whigs wanted bank credit, higher tariffs, and money for internal improvements. Van Buren objected because he was a follower of Jackson. Van Buren decided to implement the "Divorce Bill." The "Divorce Bill" would remove all money from private banks and deposit it in safe banks. The Whigs condemned Van Buren. It passed through Congress in 1840 then repealed in 1841 by the Whigs and then reinstated by the Democrats in 1846. "Tippecanoe" Versus "Little Van" The Democrats nominated Van Buren in 1840. The Whigs decided to nominate General William Henry Harrison. Harrison was 68 when he decided to run for President. He was selected because he was issueless and enemyless. John Tyler was his vice-president running mate. The Whigs declared no definite platform. The Democrats liked to call him a poor farmer. Harrison's supporters said he would rive out Jackson. Harrison was actually part of the first family of Virginia. Whig made of Van Buren by saying that he ate was a arrogant aristocrats who ate with golden utensils. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Whigs rolled balls from place to place to represent the snowball effect of Harrison. Harrison by electoral votes of 234 to 60. Harrison had been put into office by silly slogans. The Democrats had been won over by the common people. Th Two-Party System Emerges The Jeffersonians had assimilated many of the Federalists ideas. During Jackson the new political parties came about. Jacksonians wanted to protect the individuals from the government. Whigs didn't want self interest or conflict among different groups. Democrats wanted states rights. The Whigs wanted a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and abolition of slavery. Some information is incorrect here. Sorry I do chapters in the order they are assigned in my AP US History class. The following outlines that I am putting here are from the 11th Edition of The American Pageant. At my school where I go we have spread the AP US History course over two years so there is significant coverage on all issues equally. The American Pageant 11th Edition Thomas A. Bailey David. M Kennedy Lizabeth Cohen Copyright © 1998 by the Houghton Mifflin Company All right reserved. Chapter 16 Outline The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790-1860 Dennis Cote Reviving Religion 75% of the Americans attended church in 1850. Alexis de Tocqueville said that religion was still important. However religion had become more different it was not as stern. The age of reason had softened the church. Many Founding Father supported believe in Deism. Deism denied original sin and the divinity of Christ however they believed in a Supreme Being. Unitarianism which took place in the Northeast believed that God was in one person not the Holy Trinity. They denied the divinity of Christ however they believed in the goodness of human beings, free will, and salvation through good works, and God as a good person. The Second Great Awakening in the 1800's took the southern frontier by storm. They got a lot more people than the First Great Awakening. People were very emotional and the ideas of prison reform, temperance, women's movement, and abolitionism. Methodists and Baptists were particular inspired by this religious revival. Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney were great leaders of the Methodists. Denominational Diversity Western New York(Burned-Over District) was heavily impacted by the Second Great Awakening. William Miller who founded a religion with followers called Adventists believed that Jesus would arrive on Earth on October 22, 1844. They were obviously wrong. Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians were mostly the upper class and the Northeast. The Methodists and Baptists were the lower class and from the South and West. Many churches broke up by sectionalist lines over the controversy of slavery. A Desert Zion Utah Joseph Smith claimed that he received golden plates from an angel. He founded the Church of Latter- Day Saints otherwise known as Mormons in 1830. He ran into opposition. He had several wives. He was later killed in 1844 by a mob in Illinois. Brigham Young then led the Mormons to Utah where they prospered. Free Schools for a Free People Public education was at first opposed in the early days of America. The conservatives eventually saw that education could help create good people. Education gained support in 1825 and 1850 because free vote equaled free education. Some teachers were not very qualified. Horace Mann pushed for better education. Blacks were usually excluded from education. Noah Webster wrote school books and a dictionary. William McGuffey wrote school readers and sold 122 million. Higher Goals for Higher Learning The Second Great Awakening promoted universities. They offered a very limited curriculum. The University of Virginia was the idea of Thomas Jefferson. His university offered diversified courses. Women did not receive a good education because people thought it would hurt them. Emma Willard opened up Troy Female Seminary. Oberlin College accepted women and students. Mary Lyon also founded Mount Holyoke College. Any people went on the lyceum circuits and talked about many topics even Ralph Waldo Emerson. Magazines also were being published such as North American Review and Godey's Lady's Book. An Age of Reform Many people promoted reform among society which essentially wanted a moral utopia. I suggest reading this section of the chapter because there is a lot of information. Demon Rum- "The Old Deluder" Drinking was a serious problem in the 1800's. Many people used to drink just as now today. Temperance Society was founded in 1826 in Boston to fight alcohol. There was two forms temperance and total elimination otherwise known as teetotalism. The Main Law of 1851 stopped the manufacturing and sale of alcohol. Women in Revolt Men still controlled the world however women in the frontier were able to protect their rights sometimes. Women pushed for their rights in the 19th century. Women were thought to be inferior to men.. The house was a special place for women and they were respected. Lucretia Mott and Cady Stanton pushed hard for women rights. Susan B Anthony was also a feminist. However the feminist movement soon was overshadowed by the Civil War. Wilderness Utopias Robert Owen started a utopian place in New Harmony, Indiana. There was also Brook Farm which was set up for the purpose of transcendentalism. The Oneida Community was had polygamy called complex marriages. There were the Shakers however they died because of no sex. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Americans produced only a few good scientific minds however most of the science took place in Europe. John Audubon was a very good bird watcher who wrote the book of Birds of America. Medicine however did not proceed very quickly. There were also many infectious diseases in the United States which killed many Americans. There were many false medicines being used. Surgery was also very dangerous where people died. Thankfully there were soon anesthetics. Artistic Achievements There was at first very few good architectural buildings in America however there was a Greek revival. Thomas Jefferson was a very good architect who helped to build the University of Virginia. Gilbert Stuart, Charles Peale, and John Trumbull were very good painters. The Hudson River School emphasized painting of America. Music was at first slow to proliferate because of Puritans however Americans soon developed their own music. The Blossoming of a National Literature There were very few authors in America. Many of the literary works of America were political essays. The Knickerbockers Group was a literary group who wrote about books based on American culture. Washington Irving was one of the most important authors. James Fenimore Cooper wrote books not based on Europe. William Cullen Bryant wrote the amazing poem "Thanatopis" and then helped to edit the New York Evening Post. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism There was new literary influences which wanted to transform Boston into "the Athens of America." The transcendentalist movement was movement that went against the Puritans. It emphasized nature, God, and the individual. The transcendentalists were like hippies minus the drugs. Ralph Waldo Emerson was very strong for the transcendentalist. He went on the lyceum. Emerson's most famous essay was "The American Scholar" which promoted the individual to think for himself. Personally it is very inspiring. Henry David Thoreau lived at Walden Pond and was put in jail for not paying his tax. He did this because he did not want to support a government that promoted slavery. There was also Walt Whitman who wrote very, very erotic poetry notably in Leaves on Grass. He was gay which was reflected in his poetry. Glowing Literary Lights Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote very good poetry. John Whittier wrote against slavery. Louisa May Alcott wrote the book Little Women. Emily Dickinson wrote insightful poetry. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Edgar Allen Poe wrote very gothic poems that went into the darker side of humanity. I love reading his poem "The Raven." Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the books concerning good and evil notably The Scarlet Letter. Herman Melville wrote the book Moby Dick. Portrayers of the Past George Bancroft is called the "Father of American History." William Prescott and Francis Parkman also were very good historians. Boston was the educational center of early America because of good educational resources. New England writers often wrote with a bias towards the South. Chapter 17 Outline The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793-1860 Dennis Cote "Cotton is King!" The economy in 1793 was doing bad. Slavery was a dead weight on the economy. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney allowed for cotton to have a profitable commercial value. Cotton became the single staple crop of the South. Slavery was then reinvigorated. Cotton required more slave and land. The North benefited because of the shipping to England. England became dependent on the South for cotton. Cotton was 50% of all exports from America in 1840! The Planter Aristocracy Only a small amount of families in the South owned slaves. They were the rich people who lived in neoclassical houses. They enjoyed a life of luxury and had good educational opportunities. Public education was slow in the South. The gap between rich and poor was wide. Sir Walter Scott was a favorite of the South because he wrote of rich princes and princesses during the Middle Ages. The South fantasized about a feudal society when they were engaged in a capitalistic pursuits. The South hoped to sustain a society similar to Medieval Europe. Mark Twain discouraged such ideas. The white plantation women controlled many of the slave women. Some slave women were treated fairly and some were treated very cruelly. Slaves of the Slave System The cultivation of cotton destroyed the land. Many people left the South for the West and Northwest. The economy of the South became highly monopolistic. The rich people bought much of the land of the small farmers. A one crop system is highly unstable because the price is always due to fluctuate therefore causing possible economic disaster. Good slaves could cost as much as $1,200. The South did not like the North getting richer and their expense. Many of the articles that the South used were manufactured in the North. The South was not very welcoming to immigrants. Irish and German immigrants did not go there because their was heavy competition with black slaves. European immigrants also were ignorant about how to cultivate cotton. The South became the strongest Anglo-Saxon section in the nation. The White Majority The majority of slaves lived on plantations. The majority of masters were small farmers who had 10 or less slaves. The majority of the white people did not own slaves at all, about 75%. These people were subsistence farmers who lived in the back country and river valleys. These subsistence farmers raised mostly corn and hog not cotton. They had very isolated lives. They suffered from malnutrition and hookworms. Many of the lower class people hung on to the idea that they would be able to buy slaves and become rich. The poor took pleasure in believing that they were allegedly superior to the slaves. Which they were not! The whites who lived in the Appalachian allowed for a Union stronghold during the Civil War. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters The South had 250000 free blacks because of emancipation during the American Revolution. Some slaves were mulattos. Free blacks were a so called "third race". They were not allowed to have certain jobs or testify in courts. They could always be brought back to slavery. The defenders of slavery resented them. Another 250000 free blacks lived in the North. The North did not like them because they sometimes took away jobs. The Irish and free blacks sometimes had fights. The free blacks sometimes were not allowed to have an education. The South sometimes liked the individual but disliked and visa versa for the North. Plantation Slavery There were 4 million slaves in the South. They were the backbone for the cotton industry. The South had spent about $2 billion on slaves. The South viewed slaves as valuable investments. It was illegal to import slaves into America punishable by death however many juries acquitted violators. Only one person was convicted. The slave population was maintained by natural reproduction which was unusual for a slave population. Slavery hobbled the economy of the South. Many slaves were brought farther down South. Hence the saying of being sold down river. Slaves were transported down the Mississippi River. Many slave women produced children who were later sold down in the lower Mississippi. Some white masters' father some children who were still slaves. Slave auctions was probably the worst aspect of slavery because destroyed families. Slaves were viewed as property and not people. Life under the Lash Slave treatment in the South. All slaves experienced brutal work, ignorance, and oppression at the hands of slavery. Slaves were often times whipped. Slaves had absolutely no civil or political rights. Flogging took the place of a wage-incentive system. South thoughts about slavery were false because they thought they were happy. The so called "black belt" was in the Deep South such as South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Slave life was much harder in this area. Plantation had most of the slaves. About 75% of the lower Mississippi were slaves. Forced separation took place usually in the small farmers in the Upper South. Slave families were mostly two-parent households. Many of the slaves were Christian however they adapted it to their needs. The captivity of the Hebrew slaves in Egypt was of very importance to the slaves. The Burdens of Bondage Slaves were denied independence, education, dignity, etc. Slaves sometimes worked slowly because they were not getting paid properly. They often pilfered or sabotaged food and equipment so they wouldn't have to work under hard conditions. Some slaves escaped or died trying to get to the North and onto Canada for freedom! Gabriel, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner led unsuccessful slave revolts. White southerners lived in constant fear. They became a backward reactionary society. They were one of the last areas in the Western world to continue the wretched practice of slavery. Early Abolitionism The first abolitionists were the Quakers during the American Revolution. Some people loathed the black people some much that they wished to send them back to Africa. The American Colonization Society in 1817 was founded to transplant blacks back to the Africa. They specifically setup the African nation Liberia with a capital of Monrovia. 15000 freed slaves were sent there. Abolitionist gained momentum in the 1830's because Britain removed slavery. The Second Great Awakening also promoted the sin of slavery. Finney Weld was helped by Arthur and Lewis Tappan to go to Lane Theological Seminary in Ohio. He was expelled from there for organizing a debate against slavery along with his followers. They spread throughout the old Northwest telling of the evil of slavery. Weld wrote American Slavery As It Is (1839.) Harriet Beecher Stowe used parts of it for the great American novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Radical Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison published the newspaper the Liberator which deplored slavery. The American Anti-Slavery society was founded by him in 1833. David Walker, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Delaney all former slaves all promoted an end to slavery. Frederick Douglass was the greatest abolitionist. He was an eloquent speakers and published the North Star and Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. Garrison suggested separation from the South although that wouldn't end slavery. Douglass looked towards politics to rid the country of slavery. They supported the Liberty Party, Free Soil Party, and then the Republicans. The South Lashes Back Interestingly more anti-slavery societies existed in the South before 1820. However they were defeated. Nat Turner's rebellion occurred at the same time as Garrison's Liberator. There was a bounty for $5000 for him in Georgia. Nullification made the slavery even worse in 1832. White Southerns supported slavery by using the Bible. Even though they seemed to miss the whole entire Book of Exodus and how Jesus taught about loving one another. They believed that their slaves were happier than the workers in the North. They did not allow abolitionist mail and even burned their mail in 1835 in Charleston, North Carolina. Abolition material could not be sent in the mail. The South was becoming very defensive and conservative about slavery. They became more isolated from the rest of the world and despised and questions about slavery. The Abolitionist Impact in the North At first the Northerners resented the idea of abolition. The North was very dependent on cotton and would lose $300 million per year. Unemployment would occur if there was no cotton. Many abolitionists were brutally attacked in the North such as Lewis Tappan's house, Garrison being dragged through Boston, and Elijah Lovejoy who was killed. However by the 1850's many people in the north had come to see the South as a land of the un-free. Some northerners opposed it spreading to other parts of the country otherwise known as free soilers. Chapter 18 Outline Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841-1848 Dennis Cote The Accession of "Tyler Too" In 1841 many people came to Washington hoping to get an office. William Henry Harrison was being used by the Whig party. The people running the show were Secretary of State Daniel Webster and Henry Clay of the Senate. Harrison and Clay sometimes got to arguments over who ran the country. Harrison soon died of pneumonia. This event created a constitutional crisis because who was to become President. John Tyler who was Vice President then became President. He was a Whig who did not like Jacksonian democracy. He was accused of being a democrat. Tyler was put on the ticket to bring in the Southern constituency similar to the methods used today in politics. He was often in opposition with his party on many issues such as the bank, tariff, and internal improvements. John Tyler: A President Without a Party The Whig Congress first removed the independent treasury and tried to pass a bill for a new Bank of the US. Tyler vetoed the bill for both a "Fiscal Bank" and "Fiscal Corporation." Tyler received great opposition in Congress. He was removed from the Whig Party, impeachment hearings were tried, and his cabinet resigned except for Daniel Webster who was dealing with England. The Whigs tried to pass a tariff bill. Tyler liked the idea of more money however spreading money out from selling Western lands among the states he did not like. He vetoed the bill but the Whigs wrote another one removing the bad part and Tyler signed the bill. A War of Words with England Americans still did not like England. British tourists wrote of the many "uncivilized" actions in America. These writings made Americans very unhappy. British magazines and American magazines also engaged in attacks against each other. British authors did not receive royalties from Americans. America borrowed money from England. There was a short insurrection in Canada which some America citizens supported by the American government did not. The ship Caroline on American soil was attacked and burned by a British military force and forced to land short of Niagara falls although Americans used it as propaganda and showed the ship going over the edge. The invasion of American soil was very bad and the lodged unsuccessful protest. A Canadian Mcleod said he was part of the invasion but was later acquitted. Manipulating the Maine Maps The British wanted to build a road from Halifax to Quebec to protect from American incursions. The road went through disputed area with Maine where the Aroostook River Valley was. Fights broke out in this disputed area between American and Canadian people. The local militia of both sides were called in. As the situation escalated the London Foreign Office sent conciliatory financier Lord Ashburton who had recently married a rich American to Washington DC to negotiation and end to the violence. Ashburton and Webster worked out a treaty where each would get something. The road the British wanted was available. The Carolina affair was all cleared up. Also included in small type was the move of the American border to the west which included valuable iron ore deposits in Minnesota in a place called Mesabi. The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone Mexico refused to recognize Texas as independent. Mexico threatened war if the United States should take in Texas. The Mexicans tried to invade Texas but failed. Texas kept a large military ready to protect itself from Mexican encroachments. Texas engaged in treaties with England, France, Holland, and Belgium because Texas needed someone to protect them. Britain wanted to take Texas so it could monitor American movements in the Southwest. They also could threaten the Monroe Doctrine!!! Also abolitionists could free the slaves in Texas. Texas would also be a great place to grow and uninterrupted supply of cotton free from Americans. The French also wanted to get in to cause problems in America. The Belated Texas Nuptials Texas became a topic during the election of 1844. James Polk led the Democrats who defeated Henry Clay of the Whigs. Tyler arranged for US to invite Texas ti join the Union by a resolution which only required a majority in 1845. Texas joining the US made Mexicans very angry. Oregon Fever Populates Oregon Oregon Country was an area of land stretching from the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean and from California to 54 degrees and 40 minutes. This particular area was claimed at one time by Spain, Russia, Britain, and the United States. Spain and Russia had relinquished claims to this area so it was between Britain and the United States. The British had a strong hold because they had people there and treaties. The United States had Captain John Gray who discovered the Columbia River and also Lewis and Clark who had explored much of the reason. Also there were some missionaries in the region converting the Native Americans. These people all lived in harmony. However many Americans poured in Oregon Country in the 1840's allegedly seized by "Oregon Fever." There were about five thousand Americans residing in Oregon while only seven hundred British citizens were living in Oregon. The United States and Britain disputed the border constantly whether it was the 49th parallel (American) or the Columbia (British.) A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny Henry Clay was selected by the Whig Party at Baltimore to be their presidential candidate in 1844. James K. Polk of Tennessee was selected by the Democrats as their presidential candidate. Manifest Destiny is the belief that God had endowed Americans with the mission to spread liberty and freedom across the nation. Americans believe that God had destined them to cover the nation. Although much more involved refer to page 387 for a more precise definition. Democrats wanted America to spread from sea to shining sea. They were expansionists. The Whigs opposed slavery and expanding the country because they believed slavery would spread throughout the nation. Clay believed that they should annex Texas but wait. This was very confusing because Clay was trying to play both the South and North to get their votes. Just to let you know the North didn't want Texas but the South did. This is a general statement only! Henry Clay lost the election by 170 to 105. If he had received 5000 more votes in New York he could have won. The Liberty party had taken 16000 and probably removed critical votes for Clay. Democrats took the victory of Polk to mean that the people of the US wanted Texas which in turn moved Tyler to sign the resolution which is mentioned above. Tyler signed the resolution three days before leaving office. Polk the Purposeful Polk was 5 feet and 8 inches. He was very serious, systematic, and diligent when dealing with his job. He lowered the tariff from 25%. This was protested by The Northeast and Middle states because it would endanger manufacturing. They were wrong it produced revenues for the government. Polk brought back the independent treasury although the Whigs protested. Polk requested that the border be the 49th parallel however the British didn't want it. British anti-expansionist believed that the Columbia river wasn't that important. The British sent the request and the US Senate accepted the 49th parallel possibly because they were fighting Mexico. Some Americans were unhappy that they did not receive all of Oregon yet all of Texas. Misunderstandings with Mexico Polk was worried about California because it was very valuable. There were a few Americans in California but most were Mexicans and Native Americans. Polk hoped that California would soon join the US. He wanted to buy it from Mexico but relations with the Mexican government weren't going very well. The Mexican government owed $3 million in damage but had defaulted in payment. There was a border dispute whether or not the Nueces or Rio Grande was the border. The Texans wanted the lower border. There were no US military in the disputed land area. There were rumors that Britain was about to purchase California. This was against the Monroe Doctrine. John Slidel was sent to Mexico City to buy California and as much land east of it for $25 million however the Mexican government refused. American Blood on American (?) Soil On January 13, 1946 four thousand troops who were commanded by General Zachary Taylor were ordered to the Rio Grande by Polk in hopes of engaging the Mexican military forces. Polk awaited for information of hearing of a battle. He decided on May 9, 1846 that he would ask Congress to declare war on Mexico because of unpaid money and the rejection of money however these were not very stable reasons to declare war. However information was delivered that states that the Americans had been engaged on April 25, 1846 by the Mexican military. There were sixteen American casualties. Congress declared war and the whole nation united to stop the Mexicans. Abraham Lincoln pushed for information concerning if American blood had in fact been shed upon American soil. One of the reasons of the war was for California which the Polk administration wished to posses. Mexicans hope that they would be able to invade the US because they had a good military. They hoped to free the slaves. The Mastering of Mexico Santa Anna said that if he was allowed to return to Mexico he would get Mexico for America but he double crossed them and in turn went against the Americans. American gad many successes in the Southwest against Mexican forces. General Stephen W . Kearny was able to capture Santa Fe. Captain John Fremont was able to capture California and declare the California Bear Flag Republic for a short amount of time. General Zachary Taylor led his soldiers into Mexico where his force of 5000 men was met by 20000 Mexicans. They were able to fight the Mexicans off with extreme difficulty. General Winfield Scott arrived in Vera Cruz and led the main American forces to Mexico City where they won control of the city. Fighting Mexico for Peace Nicholas Trist chief clerk of the state department was sent along with the invading force to secure a treaty. He was able to get an armistice for a price of $ 10000. However Polk was very unhappy with him and recalled him but Trist responded with a 65 page letter why he could not want to return home. This made Polk very, very mad. Luckily Trist got the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo. It recognized Texas as part of America, gave them land from there to Oregon included California. Also the US would pay $15 million and the US would also assume the American citizens claims for $3.25 million. The Senate approved the treaty. Whigs in Congress were denouncing the war. Some people wanted all of Mexico however it could a problem for the slave South. Profits and Loss in Mexico Thirteen thousand American lives were lost. A great amount of land was gained however. Many soldiers who would take part in the Civil War learned many important lessons during the Mexican War. The United States Military Academy proved its worth by giving important leaders such as Robert E Lee and Ulysses Grant. The Navy provided very important blockades of Mexican ports. The USMC was important and the rousing song of the hall of montezuma. The Mexicans also fought bravely. The Mexicans also remembered that they did not loose all of their country. America also became viewed as being avaricious. The abolitionists also believed that the war was fought over slavery. Fighting over slavery broke out. Polk wanted to give $2 million for peace. Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced an amendment that states no slavery in territory of Mexico. In never passed. Chapter 19 Outline Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848-1854 Dennis Cote The Popular Sovereignty Panacea The United States was facing serious trouble because of the issue of slavery. The Wilmot Proviso reopened the issue of slavery. The Whigs and Democrats clashed along North-South lines. President Polk was not a choice for a party leader because of overwork and diarrhea. The Democrats picked General Lewis Cass was picked as the presidential candidate. Cass believed that the people of the territories should decide whether they wanted slavery or not. The people and the government liked the idea however it would allow for slavery to spread. Political Triumphs for General Taylor The Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor. Clay was not chosen because he had to many enemies. The Whigs avoided all the hard issues and said how great their candidate was. Strong anti-slavery people in the North did not have much trust for either candidate so they formed their own party known as the Free Soil Party. They also believed in federal aid for homesteads and internal improvements. The party attracted many people. Their candidate was Martin Van Buren. Free Soilers believe that only in the West without slavery could there be a real America. The candidates were careful what they said. General Taylor won probably because of his military popularity. "California Gold" The discovery of gold in 1848 brought about a great change to America. Many people came to California in search of gold but many were unable to find any. The Californian government was overwhelmed by the number of people pouring into the country. Many of the people arriving in California were uncivilized. As a result there was a high rate of crime in California. California wished for protection from being a full part of the United States. They put in their constitution there would not slavery and then applied for admission. This made the Southern Democrats very mad. Sectional Balance and The Underground Railroad The South was doing very well in the 1850. Cotton prices were good and slavery was expanding. They had reasonable control in all places in government. California would tip the balance of non slavery to slavery states because it would be admitted in as free. The South was running out of slave territories. Texas also claimed a large amount of land in present day New Mexico. The North wanted to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. However it would create a sanctuary of freedom in between Maryland and Virginia. Many runaway slaves were brought to freedom by the Underground Railroad. The most magnificent conductor of the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman. She had escaped from the chains of slavery and rescued three hundred slaves. The South wanted better slave-fugitive laws. The old ones did not provide sufficient service. About 1000 slaves were running away in 1850 per year. Twilight of the Senatorial Giants The South was very afraid of admitting California into the Union because it might set a precedent for the whole area. Many talented people were brought to Congress. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster appeared before Congress for their last time. Clay of course had a compromise to fix the situation. Stephen A Douglas was also very important because he was a rising star from Illinois. Calhoun was dying but he had his speech read to the Senate. Webster supported Clay's compromise. He said that the North should give into any demands made by the South and add on an aggressive fugitive slave act. He believed that the Southwest was unfit for cotton production so therefore slavery could not occur. The North was turned towards the idea of Compromise. The abolitionists on the other hand called him a traitor because he supported giving into the South. Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill The debate in the Senate over slavery was still to continue. William H Sward of New York believed that men should obey divine law and not allow slavery in the territories. He said there was a "higher" than the Constitution itself. President Taylor got caught in the idea of higher law. President Taylor was unhappy about Texas wanting to seize Santa Fe. He even was willing to go out there himself to get them. Breaking the Congressional Logjam Zachary Taylor died of intestinal problems and Millard Filmore because president. He passed many of the compromises. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster were known as Union Savers. Clay made many speeches in the north to push their compromise. The south on the other did not like the North. In 1850 the South gathered in Nashville, Tennessee to discuss the current situation. The South strongly believed in the awful institution of slavery. After the compromises were done another era of good feelings set in. Balancing the Compromise Scales The compromises in 1850 purely benefited the North. California was admitted as free and therefore tipped the scale. Utah and New Mexico were opened to slavery. Slave trading had been halted in the District of Columbia. The Fugitive Slave Law was very mean. It denied slaves to testify, or have a trial by jury. Judges were paid $5 if the person was set free or $10 if they were sent back into the chains of slavery. One slave was able to escape from Virginia and go to Boston. He had to be escorted out the city under guard as many people stared on in disbelief. Massachusetts made it a crime for a state official to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. Some states also denied access to their prisons which was known as "personal liberty laws." The North and South increasingly became angrier at each other because of the Slave Fugitive Law. The North was gaining superiority over the South in all fields. Also many more Northerners were being brought over to the abolitionists side. Defeat and Doom for the Whigs The Democrats party in 1852 selected Franklin Pierce as their candidate. Pierce was an unknown in the political arena. He was said to be the "Young Hickory of the Granite Hills." He had done well in the Mexican War. He was also a for the South and from the Vermont in the north. He believed in the Fugitive Slave Law. The Whigs selected General Winfield Scott of the Mexican War as their candidate because they had won many times with military generals. Unfortunately Scott had personality problems such as being very egotistical. The North accepted the Whig candidate but not the platform which supported the Fugitive Slave Law. The South was visa versa. Some Georgia Whigs who were known as "finality men" voted in favor for Webster but unfortunately Webster died two before the elections. Scott unfortunately loss the elections because of Southern Whigs. He lost to Pierce by 254 to 42. This spelled the end of the Whig Party because it become to be split along sectional lines and it was almost impossible to please both. They had managed to keep the union together during a difficult time. President Pierce the Expansionist The administration of Pierce was begun with many Southern supporters in government positions. The South wanted more slave land and Pierce was willing to give it to them. Southerners were looking forward to conquering Central America and deploying canal routes. They also wanted Cuba. They needed area to have slavery so it wouldn't they could continue slavery. William Walker took control of the sovereign nation of Nicaragua and had himself declared President and allowed slavery. Central Americans governments formed a coalition to remove him from office. President Pierce stopping recognizing him as President and Walker was assassinated in 1860. British were worried about American involvement in making a canal so they decided to buy the Atlantic point of the canal. A treaty was signed, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty which clearly states that neither the US or Britain secure or exclusive rights to waterways in the region. American canal builders were quite angry. Americans were looking forward to engaging in trade with the nations of Asia. They had already established commercial outposts in Asia however Americans also wanted to trade with the nation Japan. Japan had been become isolated after experiences with European powers. Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Japan with an awesome display of naval power and got a treaty to begin commercial relations. Coveted Cuba: Pearl of the Antilles Cuba was the focus of manifest destiny because it had a high value. Two attempts were made to capture Cuba because they had refused $100 million. The Americans ambassadors to Spain, England, and France were to make secret recommendations concerning the issue of acquisition Cuba. They met in Ostend, Belgium and recommended $120 million and if this was not possible they should try to get Cuba because it could possibly endanger American interest. The sent their dispatches which became known as the Ostend Manifesto. It leaked out and made Northern free soilers very angry. Pacific Railroads Promoters and the Gadsden Purchase California and Oregon were severely isolated from California. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis arranged for James Gadsden to be ambassador to Mexico. He arranged with Santa Anna for the purchase of land. It cost $10 million. This land was necessary for a railroad to connect the nation. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Scheme Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois wanted the terminus of a pacific railroad line to be in Chicago because it would benefit him and his state. Douglas believed that Kansas should be divided into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska. Slavery would be popular sovereignty. However that would be against the Compromise of 1820. The South however liked the idea and President Pierce supported it. Kansas would probably be slaving and Nebraska probably would be free. The Northerners and the Free Soilers strongly opposed this bill however Douglas won. Many Northerners were very angry. Congress Legislates A Civil War The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Fugitive Slave law made the abolitionists very angry. The South became angry because the North was trying to take control of Kansas. The new Republican party sprung forth from the Midwest. They were moralists who were against the practice of slavery. Abraham Lincoln was a member of this party. The South was against this party. The Civil War was in sight. Chapter 20 Outline Drifting Toward Disunion 1841-1861 Dennis Cote Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the book Uncle Tom's Cabin. It had a powerful affect on people because it showed how wrong slavery was. Many copies were sold both domestically and abroad. Plays were even done on it. Many people in the South said it was an unfair portrayal. The novel helped to keep foreign government out of the war because many people read about the evils of slavery. Another important book was The Impending Crisis of the South. It spoke about how the slaveholders suffered the most from slavery. His book was banned in the South and burned. The South was angry that people were reading this allegedly false works. The North-South Contest for Kansas Kansas was a bad place for popular sovereignty. The people who came were an assorted group of people. A small minority of the people sent to Kansas was abolitionists. They brought with them rifles called "Beecher Bibles." The South was angry because they believed that Kansas would become slave. Some people were being attacked. Slaves were not being brought into Kansas because their lives were in danger. People from Missouri came into vote for the territorial election however the government setup was very treacherous at Shawnee Mission. Free-soilers setup their own at Topeka. The proslavery people burned the free soil town of Lawrence. Kansas in Convulsion John Brown went to Kansas. John Brown chopped five proslavery people. The fighting in Kansas continued until it became part of the civil war. In 1851 Kansas had enough people to vote for statehood. They devised a constitution that would allow slavery anyway. The Constitution was called the Lecompton Constitution. Buchanan approved of the constitution. However Senator Douglas did not and requested that a popular sovereignty vote be taken. When it was submitted to a popular sovereignty the constitution failed and Kansas was not accepted in. President Buchanan split the Democratic National Party because of differences over slavery. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Senator Charles Sumner was a very important individual from Massachusetts. He was an abolitionist. He delivered a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas" which concerned slavery in Kansas. He used very strong language against slaveowners. He directed comments towards South Carolina and its Senator Andrew Butler. Congressman Preston S. Brooks from South Carolina was very angry over the comments made by Senator Sumner. Brooks attacked Sumner in the Senate chamber with a stick. He beat until it his stick broke. The House of Representatives tried to remove him but there weren't enough votes. Brooks resigned but was then reelected. Sumner went to Massachusetts for treatment. Copies of Sumner's speech were distributed in the North. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" The Democrats met in Cincinnati in 1856 and nominated James Buchanan as their presidential candidate. They had nominated him because he had been ambassador to London during the Kansas issue. The Republicans met in Philadelphia decided to nominate John Fremont because he did not have an opinion on the Kansas issue. The American Party "Know-Nothing" was formed in response to more Irish and German immigrants. They endorsed Filmore. Mudslinging ensued. Buchanan was attacked because he was single and allegedly gay. Fremont was said to be an illegitimate child. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 Buchanan won less that the popular vote but won in the Electoral College by 174. Fremont getting 114 and Filmore receiving 8. It was a good thing that the Civil War did not happen in 1856 because the United States did not have the leadership or motivation. Th Republicans had won after only being existence for a mere 1856. The Dred Scott Bombshell Dred Scott was a slave living in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory who had sued for freedom because he was living on free soil The Supreme Court had ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore unable to sue. The Supreme Court was controlled by many people from the South. The Court ruled that slaves were private property. The Supreme Court ruled that the Missouri Compromise in the beginning was unconstitutional. The free-soilers were unhappy about the turn of events. The South was quite happy with the ruling. The Financial Crash of 1857 There was a financial panic in 1857 as result of many things. The Crimean War in Europe had required large amounts of grain however there was a lot of extra grain. The cotton industry was not hard hit. People wanted the government to give away 160 acres for free. Congress passed a bill that would sell the land for only 25 cents per acre however President Buchanan vetoed the bill. The country had lowered its tariff before the panic but didn't have any protection when it. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges The Republicans decided to run Abraham Lincoln against the Democrat's Douglas. Lincoln was born into a poor family in Kentucky. He had very good social skills. Lincoln's wife was very hot tempered. Lincoln's political career was not that amazing. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven debates. The most famous debate was at Freeport, Illinois. The question was what would happen if people voted that slavery could not exist in the territory. Douglas replied that if people did not want slavery than they would override the Supreme Court decision. This is known as the "Freeport Doctrine." Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate seat. Lincoln was put on the national stage by the debates. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr? John Brown wanted to go to the South and promote a slavery uprising and then form a free state as a place for slaves to go. This is the same John Brown from Kansas. He went to Virginia and seized weapons from the federal arsenal. John Brown had twenty men with him. John Brown tried to have the slaves uprising but failed. US Marines led by Lieutenant Colonel. He was tried of murder and treason although he pleaded insanity. In fact his mom and grandmother were insane. He was hanged for his crimes but he was made a martyr for the abolitionists cause. The South was outraged that some people in the North had finance John Brown. The Disruption of the Democrats The Democrats met in Charleston, South Carolina and believed that Douglas of the north wing was a traitor to their cause. This was for the 1860 presidential election. The delegates could not come to an agreement and dissolved. The Democrats met again in Baltimore and nominated Douglas. The South walked out but the North stayed. The South had their own convention and nominated John C. Breckinridge. Their platform supported slavery in the territories and annexation of Cuba. Another party met in known as the Constitution Union party which was called the "Do Nothing." It was composed of Whigs and know-nothings. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union The Republicans gathered in Chicago and decided to nominate Lincoln as their presidential candidate. The Republican platform was for no slavery in territories, a tariff, rights for immigrants, Pacific railroad, internal improvements, and free land. The South did not like him and called him a baboon. Lincoln thought cash compensation would be good. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 Lincoln received only 40% of the votes. In ten states in the South he was not even on the ballot. South Carolina now had a reason to leave. If the Democrats had united behind Douglas he still would have not won the election. The Republicans did not control the Supreme Court, Senate, or House of Representatives. However 1 out 4 isn't that bad. The Secessionist Exodus South Carolina called a special election four days after the election and voted unanimously to secede from the United States. In six more weeks six states seceded which were Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The states met in Montgomery, Alabama, and setup their own government and called themselves the Confederate States of America. President Buchanan did not try to stop the states from leaving. The Union did not have enough military power to keep the states from leaving because there were only 15000 and they were spread across the Western frontier controlling Native Americans. The Collapse of Compromise Senator James Henry Crittenden of Kentucky proposed the Crittenden amendments. He proposed that territory below the 36 degree 30 minute parallel would have slavery no matter what. States could then come in as slave or free. Lincoln vetoed the amendment. Farewell to Union The South left for many different reasons. What worried the south was the census returns that showed that there were more people in the North. Also the presidential triumph of the Republicans. The South wished to be left alone. The South believed that the North would simply let them leave. They intended to develop their own industries. The South believed that they were like the revolutionaries who had left the Great Britain. Also in other places in the world like Germany, Italy, and Poland were being swept by nationalism. The South had its own customs different from the North like slavery. Chapter 21 Outline Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865 Dennis Cote President of the Disunited States of America Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States in March 4, 1861. When he became President seven states had already left the union with eight other states on the verge of leaving the Union. Lincoln did not believe that secession was possible for the nation. There were many problems over what the South would have such as the debt, federal land, etc. Also it was now possible for the Underground Railroad to simply transport slaves across the Ohio River. European powers would take advantage against the two countries fight each one against the other. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter The South took over federal installations in the South. The last two places were two forts and one of them was Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter had supplies to only last a few weeks. Lincoln notified South Carolina he was only sending provisions but South Carolina took this as meaning they were reinforcing the military installation. South Carolina opened fired on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 and after a thirty four hour attack the fort surrendered. This attack rallied the North against the South. Lincoln responded by requesting for 75000 soldiers. Many people enlisted and some were even turned away. Lincoln also called for a blockade of all Southern seaports. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the South in their battle. The original capital of the South was Montgomery, Alabama however it was moved to Richmond Virginia. Brothers' Blood and the Border Blood Strategically important states Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia did not join the South. They would've if the North had fired the first shot. They were important because some of them had the Ohio River and others were important manufacturing centers. Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland to keep it part of the Union. He sent troops into West Virginia and Missouri. Lincoln cleverly did not say the Civil War was for freedom of slaves because it would've caused great instability and lost the support of people. He stated that the war was to uphold the Union. The Five Civilized tribes supported the South because they owned slaves. The South took over the federal debts. Some Cherokee and Plain Indians supported the Union however after the war they were forced on reservations against their will. The North was known as "Billy Yank" and the South as "Johnny Reb." Many families were broken up over the Civil War because brothers served on different sides. Lincoln had four brother-in-laws who served for the Confederacy. The Balance of Forces The South had the advantage of fighting on their own land. They hoped to be able to fight the North off long enough to get a treaty. The South also had more generals and better people with military knowledge. The South although composed mainly farms was able to develop their own weapons. The South did not have very good supplies such as shoes, uniforms, and blankets. They also had logistical problems of transporting food. The South also was simply based on farming. The North had both farming and manufacturing. Three-Fourths of the nations wealth was also held in the North. The North had the best navy out of the two. There were 22 million people in the North while the South had only 9 million which included slaves. Immigrants from Europe also supplied soldiers into the military. The North although did not have the best military leaders. Many things could have gone wrong. If certain states had gone to the other side, England or France broken through the blockade. Dethroning King Cotton The South believed that Europe would intervene to help them. Europe's upper-class did sympathize with the South but many of the lower-class had read Uncle Tom's Cabin and hoped that slavery would be removed. 75% of cotton came from the South. However England had been stockpiling cotton for a long time because of surplus and was able to last for about year and half without requiring more cotton. The North also sent over food to England to help alleviate hunger. The North also captured supplies of cotton and sent to England. Cotton was also being grown in Egypt and India. Wheat and corn were very helpful to the North because allowed them to supply England with food and if England helped the South England would've lost its supply of food. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy The United States diplomats were critical in keeping out Europeans. The Trent affair was when a Union ship seized the HMS Trent and removed to Confederate diplomats on their way to Europe. Luckily the whole issue blew over Ships made in England were used to terrorize the merchant fleet. The Alabama in fact destroyed sixty ships before it was blown to bits. Foreign Flare-Ups The South was having built for them ships with iron rams to destroy Union ships. However the Royal Navy seized the ships. England also agreed to pay the US $15.5 in damages relating to the Alabama. Some Confederates launched attacks from Canada. Irish-Americans also attacked Canada. The US government was condemned however there was nothing to do. From the Civil War came the United States and also Canada. The Dominion of Canada was established by an act of the British Parliament in 1867. Emperor Napoleon III of France decided to invade Mexico. He setup Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico. This was a blatant disregard for the Monroe Doctrine. However Secretary of state Seward told him to get out or they would invade to remove him from office. France withdrew and the archduke was killed. President Davis versus President Lincoln The South constitution was based on the US Constitution. However there was a critical flaw that allowed for cession. Davis had to constantly bow to state-right people. Davis was always in conflict with his government's legislature. Davis also had an assortment of neurological disorders. He worked very hard in his government but it all failed. Lincoln had trouble but the Union was highly more stable. Lincoln was aware of the public opinion and used it to his advantage. He also was much more understanding, compassionate, patient, and firm. He had great qualities of being a leader. Limitation on Wartime Liberties Lincoln had sworn to uphold the constitution but he did many unconstitutional action. Congress was not in session when the war started so Lincoln took over. The Supreme Court and Congress sometimes upheld his decisions. Lincoln increased the military, gave $2 million to three individuals for weapons, stopped habeas corpus, supervised voting, and also curtailed some newspapers. Lincoln did this to help support the war. Davis unfortunately did not have that much power because of all the state-rights people. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South The Civil War required a lot of people to fight it. Each state in the North was given a quota. However in 1863 volunteers went down and their was a conscription for people to join the military. Rich people were able to pay $300 to get out of serving their country. Many riots broke out in Democrats area such as New York City which included attacks on unfortunate freed African-Americans. The North forces consisted of 90% volunteers. Some people collected $1000 to enlist. Some foreigners from Western Europe and England were coerced into joining the Union. There were 200,000 deserters in the Civil War for the Union. The South also experienced similar problems with their military. The South ran into problems with military manpower earlier because they had less people. They had any man between 17-50 join as early as April 1862. People with money and/or 20 slaves were not required to fight. Their were no riots however conscription people avoided areas where there were there was Union support such as West Virginia. They were known ironically as "Tories" "traitors" "Yankee Lovers." The Economic Stresses of War The North made it through the Civil War well. There was an increased excise tax on the items of tobacco and alcohol as well as an income tax for the first time in the nation's history. It was low by modern standards however it gained millions of dollars. Know that fact! The Morrill Tariff Act was passed in order to gain more money. American industrialists benefited from this new tariff and became part of the Republican party agenda. The Treasury Department issued $450 million however it was not backed up by gold. This caused inflation. It however gained $2.62 billion from the sale of government bonds. The National Banking System established a standard for bank notes. It was similar to the Bank of the United States. The National Banking System stayed in existence for fifty years until the Federal Reserve System. The South was unable to collect custom duties. They tried to impose a 10% tax on farm goods but were able to collect only 1%. They printed $1 billion of nearly worthless money. Inflation skyrocketed about 9000% while the North had only 80%. The North's Economic Boom The North experienced great economic. Factories grew up. There were whole new millionaires. The government was sometimes sold bad equipment. There were new inventions that helped to increase production such as the sewing machine. Uniforms were made in sizes. The mechanical reapers numbering quarter of a million were very important because they freed people to go to the military and give them food. Oil was also found in Pennsylvania. Many people moved West to avoid the draft. They found gold and free land under the Homestead Act of 1862. The shipping industry suffered because of Southern ships attacking them. Women were able to take positions of men who had left for war. The US government employed 500 women. Some women followed their spouses into war. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was America's first female doctor. She setup the U.S. Sanitary to help medical needs in the field. Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix was superintendent of nurses of the Union army. Sally Tompkins helped to take care of South soldiers and was raised to the rank of Captain by Davis. Women also held fairs for people. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom The South experienced great economic hardship because they left the Union. All their industries failed. Their transportation system completely collapsed. The South in the end experienced great economic destruction. Chapter 22 Outline The Furnace of Civil War 1861-1865 Dennis Cote Bull Run Ends the "Ninety-Day War" Lincoln hoped that 75,000 troops would be enough to stop the rebellion and restore the nation. A military force of 30000 men was drilled near the Union capital of Washington although they were not at all ready for a battle. The Battle Of Bull Run was the first real battle between the North and South. Many people went with spectators to watch the battle. The Union at first was doing well but then reinforcements arrived and drove the Union away. The South then ate lunch. The South then felt overconfident and many people deserted as well as enrollment dropped off. The Union on the other hand realized that the Civil War was going to be long and hard. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Command of the Army of the Potomac was commanded by General George N. McClellan. He had a plethora of military of experience however he was a perfectionist. He did not like taking risks. The Pinkerton's Detective Agency delivered incorrect intelligence reports concerning the South's military status. The Peninsula Campaign was the planned attack on the rebel capital of Richmond, Virginia. There were 100,000 Union soldiers who were going to attack. After much fighting and almost making it to Richmond he was recalled to help defend Washington DC. If Richmond had been taken then the Union would've been reunited with no resolution on slavery. The Union plan had six points. First was to blockade and cut it from the rest of the world. Next they would emancipate all the slaves. Third divide and conquer the South along the Mississippi River. Fourth they would send military forces through the Carolinas and Georgia. Fifth they would capture the capital of the South. Sixth was to engage the South's military forces anytime, anywhere. The War at Sea The Union navy blocked the main ports. Britain advised their merchants not to violate the blockade. The South ran ships to the Bahamas and then into the South and made a very good profit. However the Union was eventually able to stop the South. The Union seized many ships under the terms of "ultimate destination" and continuous voyage." The South made this ironclad ship called the Merrimack. It was able to destroy two Union ships. Secretary of War Stanton was afraid that the Merrimack would attack Washington DC. The Union made the Monitor and they both fought to a standstill. The Merrimack was destroyed later to keep the Union from getting it. The battle marked a new era for ships because wood ships were now vulnerable. The Pivotal Point: Antietam General Robert Lee decided to move the South forces North. At the Second Battle of Bull Run he engaged Union General John Pope. The South won. Next Lee invaded Maryland in an attempt to gain support from foreign powers. Lincoln reinstated McClellan and told him to attack Lee. The North gained important intelligence by gaining the battle plans. McClellan managed to stop Lee at Antietam on September 17, 1862. It was a draw however Lee retreated across the Potomac River. McClellan was relieved of his command. Some people criticized McClellan for not having apprehended Lee. The Battle of Antietam was important because it stopped foreign intervention. Lincoln now had his victory that he wanted so that he could declare his Emancipation Proclamation because many abolitionists were unhappy with him. The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was given on September 23, 1862. The final one was given on January 1, 1863. The Civil War was now over slavery. A Proclamation Without Emancipation Slaves in the rebellious South were "forever free" which were about 800,000. However the slaves in the border states were not freed. No slaves were actually set free. Some slaves however left their plantations and ran towards the advancing Union armies. The war was now a moral issue. Some believed that Lincoln did not do enough while other believed that he did to much. Many soldiers deserted the military because they were against slavery. The Democrats took over more of Congress because many people did not agree with Lincoln. The middle-class of England however approved. Blacks Battle Bondage Some blacks joined the army. At the beginning of the Civil War blacks were banned from the army however many joined the Navy. In the end of the Civil War there were 180,000. They experienced many casualties. They earned many military honors. The South did not enlist slaves directly in the military until 1 month before the end of the Civil War however they were used to build military installations. They worked the plantations. 25,000 slaves followed General Sherman's army. Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg General A. E. Burnside was put in command of the Army of the Potomac. He launched a frontal attack on the South and lost 10000 men. Next General Joe Hooker was defeated by Lee's forces but "Stonewall" Jackson died. Next Lee was going to try to attack the North by invading Pennsylvania and gain support of foreign powers. General George Meade was the leader of Union forces. He had about 92,000 soldiers. The Battle Of Gettysburg raged on for three long days. They eventually lost the battle. A peace delegation was going to arrive in Washington in anticipation of the victory of the South however it never occurred. Lincoln made a speech however the contemporaries said it wasn't that good. The War in the West Ulysses S. Grant attended West Point. He had served in the Mexican War and then at western outposts. He then became an alcoholic and resigned his commission so he wouldn't get court martialed. He joined the volunteers and quickly rose in rank. He captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee. He attempted to capture the South's railroads but it failed. Lincoln liked Grant because of military performance. David G. Farragut and General Grant joined the Union gunboats and attacked Vicksburg, Mississippi. Then they defeated Port Hudson which was the last fort of Southern resistance. This victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi. England and France stopped supporting the South with ships. There would be no more foreign support of any kind. The South did not have the benefit of a Battle of Saratoga. Sherman Scorches Georgia General Grant was then transferred to Tennessee to fight off forces at Chattanooga. Grant fought man more battles and then raised to general-in-chief. His victories allowed for an invasion of the South. General William Sherman invaded Georgia. He had 6000 men and they made it across all the way to Savannah on December 22, 1864. He destroyed the property of people. Although his methods brutal it probably shortened the war. South Carolina was literally destroyed because it was the first to The Politics of War Lincoln had trouble in his parties. The Congressional Committee on the Conduct which wanted to limited presidential powers. The Northern Democrats were the worst threat to Lincoln. There were "War Democrats" and "Peace Democrats." There were the Copperheads who attacked Lincoln administration and the Civil War. The Election of 1864 The Republican Party joined the War Democrats and formed the Union Party. When Lincoln was nominated there was opposition. His running mate was Andrew Johnson a War Democrat. The Peace Democrats and Copperhead Democrats nominated General McClellan. The election was very nasty with mudslinging and everything. The war was going badly but then there were victories that boosted America. Some soldiers went home to vote while others voted while in enemy territory. Lincoln won by 212 to 21. He had the support of many soldiers. The South experienced high levels of desertion after the election. Grant Outlasts Lee Lincoln wanted a general who could chase Lee. Grant was selected for the mission. The mission plan was to attack all Southern forces so that nobody could help anyone. Grant engaged Lee many times in Virginia. Grant had 100,000 men. He ordered a direct attack on Cold Harbor which resulted in 7000 deaths within a matter of minutes. Public opinion showed clear disapproval of these attacks. The South tried to negotiate a peace however Lincoln would nothing less than Union and emancipation. The Union captured Richmond. Grant cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse on Palm Sunday. The surrender agreement was good because the South got to retain much of their property. Lincoln traveled to Richmond to sit in Davis' office only 40 hours after he left. Slaves recognized Lincoln and came up to him and called him "Father Abraham." The Martyrdom of Lincoln On April 14, 1865 Lincoln was assassinated in Ford Theater by John Wilkes Booth. He died at the pinnacle of his Presidency. His death in the South was at first rejoiced but then people recognized that he was kind and a moderate. The Aftermath of the Nightmare There were about 600,000 people killed. The Civil War cost $15 billion. The state righters were finally shut up. The triumph of the Union said that democracy could rule. The Civil War inspired the English Reform Bill of 1867. Slaves were free. Chapter 23 Outline The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 Dennis Cote The Problems of Peace The United States were faced with many question after the Civil War such as emancipation, what would happen to ex-slaves, how would the South join the US, and who would direct Reconstruction. Also a very important burning question was what would happen to the leaders of the South's government. Jefferson Davis was imprisoned for two years but later he and his conspirators were pardoned in 1868. Jefferson's Davis citizenship was restored posthumously one hundred years later. The South had completely collapsed both socially and economically. Charleston and Richmond were devastated by the war. Banks, businesses, factories, and transportation were all destroyed by the Civil War in the South. Agriculture was destroyed because there was little seed or animals. The rich South had been destroyed because their fields were destroyed, mansions burnt to the ground, and slaves were free. The new area where cotton was grown was the Southwest. The South still however believed falsely that they were right in seceding from the Union. Freedmen Define Freedom Many slaves did not receive immediate freedom because they were prevented to do so by people. Other people stated that slavery was still legal unless Congress or the Supreme Court had ruled so. Slave reaction to emancipation was mixed. Some slaves resisted while others rejoiced. Some slaves even attacked their former master by whipping them!!! The slaveowners were eventually required to tell their slaves that they were free. The slaves requested that they be treated with respect. Many slaves left their plantations to look for their families. Other slaves left for towns to get jobs. In towns they had protection and aid. Black families became much stronger. Churches grew stronger as former slaves established their own churches. Churches were the foundation of the black community. Education was also one of the most important issues. Some women from the American Missionary Association went down South to help educate the blacks. This was a great step toward freedom. The Freedmen's Bureau The Freedmen's Bureau was established in March 3, 1865. The bureau was supposed to help blacks get on their own feet and act like a welfare agency. The bureau's director was General Oliver O. Howard who was the friends of blacks and later founded Howard University. The Bureau did educate 200,000 blacks in reading. Reading was important so that they could read the Holy Bible. The Bureau however had corrupt people in it who did not comply with its mission and in fact hurt many blacks. The South resented the Bureau. Andrew Johnson tried to destroy it and it expired in 1872. Johnson: The Tailor President Johnson was born in the state of North Carolina to poor parents. He never attended school and became a tailor's apprentice at age 10. His wife taught him the basics to reading and math. Johnson moved to the state of Tennessee where he became supporter of the poor whites although he eventually owned some slaves. In crowds he was very popular. He also had the racist views. Johnson did not secede with his home state and served as the war governor. The Union Party had added Johnson onto the ticket with Lincoln so they could have the support of the War Democrats and other southern people. Johnson was drunk at the inauguration. Johnson was a misfit because he was not accepted in the North or the South. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln wanted to be nice. He would readmit states if 10% of the voters pledged allegiance to the United States and emancipation. Then there would be a state government setup and full recognition would take place. Congress did not like Lincoln's plan especially the Republicans. So they sent a bill through Congress called Wade-Davis Bill. It required that 50% of the voters take an oath of allegiance and wanted better protection for emancipation. Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" to the dismay of the Republicans. Delegates from the state of Louisiana were not allowed to take their seats under Lincoln's plan. Many people in Congress believed that the South had non rights because they had left the Union and be admitted under Congress's terms. Two factions of the Republican party emerged one was the moderates and the other the radicals. The radicals wanted the South to pay hard for leaving the Union. The radicals hoped that Johnson would help them. However Johnson agreed with Lincoln. He had his own Reconstruction proclamation that disfranchised Confederate officials however they could petition for pardons. Special state conventions had to remove the ordinances relating to secession, retract Confederate debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment to the United States. Johnson granted pardons to the aristocrats of the South. Republicans were furious with Johnson. The Baleful Black Codes The South first passed the black codes which were highly discriminatory against the blacks. Mississippi was the first state to pass, they were also the worst. The Black Codes were designed to create a labor force subservient to the whites so that they could rebuild their economy. The punishment for not conforming was harsh and resulted in treatment relating to slavery. The codes brought many blacks back to the their status before their emancipation. They could not serve on a jury, own land, or vote. The Black Codes oppressed many of the blacks into sharecropping. Sharecropping was not very profitable. Poor whites also sharecropped. Land-owning whites even frown on this small freedom of the blacks. The North was angry about the treatment of the blacks because they had fought to end their oppression. Congressional Reconstruction Many formers leaders of the Confederacy were elected to Congress because they were the leaders of the South. Even the former vice-president of the South was elected. The Republicans were irate when these Southerners came to Congress. The Republicans had passed the Morrill Tariff, Pacific Railroad Act, and the Homestead Act without significant opposition from the Democrats. The Republicans shut the doors to the newly elected Southerners. The Republicans were disturbed because now the slaves were counted as full people although not given all rights as citizens. If the South formed an coalition with the Democrats they could take over Congress, the White House, the Supreme Court and sustain the terrible Black Codes. They could take apart all the progress the Republicans had made. To the horror of the Republicans Johnson said that the South had met requirements and restored them on December 6, 1865. Johnson Clashes with the Congress President Johnson vetoed the bill in 1866 to continue the Freedmen's Bill although passed through Congress. The Republicans responded by passing the Civil Rights bill that gave the blacks American citizens and assaulted the Black Codes. Johnson vetoed the bill however Congress passed it. President Andrew Johnson was super racist!!! He became known as "Sir Veto" and "Andy Veto." The Republicans wanted to make the Civil Rights Bill part of the Constitution by making it the 14th amendment. The proposed amendment had civil rights but excluded voting, decrease representation for states in Congress and Electoral college, remove Southern office holders who had held office in the South during the time of the Civil war, and keeping the federal however eliminating the South debt. The radicals in Congress were not happy that voting was excluded. Johnson advised the South to renounce it and all did accept Tennessee. Swinging "Round the Circle with Johnson" Republicans tried to push the Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill however Johnson vetoed but Congress passed them anyway. The Republicans would not have Reconstruction without 14th amendment. The Congressional elections of 1866 were very important because the South could win a majority. Johnson tried "swing 'round the circle" speeches to attack the radicals and remove them from Congress. However they failed and Johnson's alcoholism was brought up. The Republicans won 2/3 in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Republican Principles and the Programs The Republicans had a Congress where the veto had no effect because they controlled more than 2/3. The radical Republicans were led by Senator Charles Summer and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. These two men wanted freedom for blacks and racial equality throughout the nation. The radical Republicans hoped to keep the South as long as possible and use the federal government to promote social and economic metamorphosis in the South. The moderate Republicans liked states' rights and did not want direct federal government intervention. The moderates were the majority in the Congress. However both sides agreed that black men had the right to vote. Reconstruction by the Sword The Reconstruction Act was passed on March 2, 1867 through Congress. The South was divided into five military areas which were to be commanded by Union generals. Many Southerners also lost the right to vote. The states to be readmitted had to ratify the 14th Amendment which recognized blacks as citizens and gave them rights as citizens. Also in the state constitutions it was required for adult male blacks to have the right to vote. However it did not give education or land to the slaves. The moderates wanted to free the federal government from having to protect black rights. The radicals however were skeptical because the Southern states could simply amend their state constitutions after they were readmitted. The radicals therefore made the 15th amendment which guaranteed all men the right to vote. It is interesting that the wording does not give women the right to vote. The Union army stayed until the state governments were underway with the Reconstruction Act and got Republicans into public office. However the states removed many Republicans and replaced them with Democrats after the federal troops had left. The last of the federal troops left in 1877. No Women Voters The great strides for blacks did not affect women. Women of both races were still unable to vote legally. The women righters put their campaign on hold during the civil war and worked for black freedom. The Woman's Loyal League got 400,000 names requesting Congress to make a constitutional amendment which would eliminate slavery. Women righters were angry when they learned that only males had the right to vote. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South The Republicans plans were to make blacks have the same rights as women. Black men however were given the right to vote in the South but not the ones in the north. The Union League was setup as a political organization to educate people on politics. Churches and schools were also organized to help the black communities. There were militias setups to protect against retaliation. Blacks also helped to make state constitutions at conventions. Black women helped to support their new freedom. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce of Mississippi were the first two black senators. There were also black congressmen. Carpetbaggers were said to be unscrupulous people and wanted to go to the South to make money. However they were in fact former Union soldiers and professionals wished to bring the South up to speed. The radical reforms were good for the people because it promoted public education and works through a refined tax system. There was although some corruption in the South especially Louisiana and South Carolina. The Ku Klux Klan Some whites formed secret societies which were highly conservative. One was called the "Invisible Empire of the South" or the Ku Klux Klan. The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Tennessee in 1866. The members rode around in costumes resembling ghosts. They terrorized the blacks in the South. The Ku Klux Klan was very racists and attacked public officials even who did not comply to their agendas. Congress was very angry with these people so they passed the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 which had federal troops stop the Ku Klux Klan. However they still lived on underground. The South disregarded the 14th amendment by illegal manners such as requiring a literary test. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank The radicals wanted to get rid of Johnson. The radicals decided to get rid of him by using impeachment. Johnson vetoed the Tenure of Office Act but Congress then passed it. The Tenure of Office Act required the people could only be removed from federal office after the Senate had approved of the action. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton was from Lincoln's administration. Stanton was secretly loyal to the radicals. He was fired in 1868. The House of Representatives by a vote of 126 to 47 impeached President Johnson of "high crimes and misdemeanors" because he had violated the Tenure of Office Act. A Not-Guilt Verdict for Johnson The case was then put into the Senate. The House was the plaintiff and the President the defendant. President Johnson kept silent while his legal defense team worked it out. His argument was that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and that he was simply putting a case before the Supreme Court. The House lawyers were led by Benjamin Butler and Thaddeus Stevens. Johnson won by one vote in his favor. There are many reasons why such as checks and balances. Also Ben Wade of the Senate would become President and he was a radical. Johnson also said that he would stop blocking Republican programs. The Purchase of Alaska Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia. Many people made fun of him and Alaska because they were anti-expansionists. America bought Alaska from Russia because Russia had been the Union ally during the Civil War. Alaska had vast resources such as gold, oil, and natural gas. The Heritage of Reconstruction The South resented Reconstruction because it destroyed many of the social institutions. The Republicans wanted to help the black community and their political party. The South however made out pretty good because they were not completely destroyed. Chapter 24 Outline Politics in the Gilded Age 1869-1889 Dennis Cote The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant The nation was disappointed with the outcome of the Civil War. The country did not get a good government. People believed that a good general would therefore make a good President so the Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant for the presidency in the 1868 election. Grant received many gifts. Grant was not ready for politics. He did not have any real political experience. Grant’s campaign motto was "Let us have peace." The Democrats did not like military reconstruction so they nominated Horatio Seymour of New York City. 214 electoral votes were cast for Grant. The black vote was important in winning the election. The Era of Good Stealings The population of the United States was 39 million in 1870, which made it the third largest in the world. There however was great corruption especially in railroads. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould attempted to get the gold market by using Grant. However it failed because the Treasury released money. The Tweed Ring, which was in New York City, was very corrupt. It intimated many citizens and took money from public funds. A New York Times probe revealed this widespread corruption. A Carnival of Corruption Grant did not have a good sense of moral character in other people. The Credit Mobilier scandal was about corrupt the Union Pacific Railway that took lots of money. Two Senators and the Vice-President were revealed to be involved. The Treasury and War Department lost money because the secretaries had taken the money. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 The Liberal Republicans wanted an end to the corruption and military Reconstruction. The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune who was not a wise choice. The Democrats also endorse Greeley. The Republicans nominated Grant. Greeley bailed out Jefferson Davis. The Liberal Republicans passed the General Amnesty Act, which "forgave" many former officers of the South. The Liberal Republicans also lowered the tariff. Depression and Demands for Inflation The reason of the depression was because there was too much supply and not the market to put the items to. The Banks had also loaned out to much money. The Jay Cooke & Company failed. Many companies failed. The failure of the Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company lost $7 million. After the Civil War $450 million of paper money deflated in price. Hard currency was looked forward to because paper money had no real value. The hard money people tricked Grant into vetoing a bill for more paper money. Silver was thought as another method of hard currency. Discovery of slver in the 1870’s resulted in lower prices of silver. Grant was fought of sound money but not good government. The value of money went lower between 1870 and 1880. The Bland-Allison Act if 1878 told the Treasury to make coins between $2-4 million eacg month. Democrats took over Congress because of Republican backlash. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age The country was highly unstable during the Gilded Age. The political parties agreed on many issues however they wanted party loyalty from their members. Republicans were mostly Puritans. They believed in strict morality and the government should regular the economy and morals of people. Democrats were Lutherans and Roman Catholics. They did not want strict morals imposed on people. Democrats controlled the South and industrial centers of the Northeast. The Republicans controlled the Midwest and small towns in the northeast. Blacks voted Republican. The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) supported the Republicans and consisted mainly of Civil War veterans. Both political parties gave offices to people who supported them under the spoil system. Reformers wanted an end to this spoil system. The "Stalwart" faction supported the spoil system. Senator Roscoe Conkling led them. The Half-Breeds disagreed with the "Stalwart." They were led by Congressman James. Blaine. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 The Hosue passed a vote that banned Grant from running for a 3rd term. The Republican nominated Rutherford B. Hayes. He was a Civil War veteran. He came from Ohio which had many electoral votes. The Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden. The votes for Hayes were 185-184. There were 20 electoral votes, which were questionable. The states sent back two returns one that was Democratic and one Republican. The President-pro temp of the Senate was to open the electoral votes. The question was who would count them. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction The Electoral Count Act was passed in 1877. It setup a committee of 15 members who would look over the electoral votes. The committee had 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats. When the vote for Florida came the committee chose the Republican returns. The Democrats accepted the Compromise of 1877 which would allow Hayes to President however federal troops would have to be removed from Louisiana and South Carolina. The Republicans promised to pass a bill that would give money to railroads. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 tried to end racial discrimination in jury selection. It was called unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883. The Court said that government could not violate the rights of people however individuals could. Democrats soon grabbed control of the South after the federal government ended control. Literacy and taxes were added to keep away black voters. The South made blacks dependent on sharecropping and tenant farming. Jim Crow laws were implemented and the Supreme Court held them up in the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case. It used the phrase "separate but equal." Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Railroad owners decided to cut the pay of their workers by 10%. The workers went on strike however Hayes sent in federal troops to stop them. Racial and ethnic differences kept the labor force to unite under labor unions especially among Chinese and Irish workers. Chinese workers came from Guangdong province in Southern China. The Chinese faced severe discrimination. Denis Kearney led Irishmen against the Chinese workers. Congress tried to stop the Chinese from coming but Hayes vetoed the bill. Congress then passed a bill in 1882 that stopped Chinese immigration. "Cold Water" Gets Cold Shoulder Hayes wife Lucy Webb Hayes did not serve alcohol. Hayes did have a political party in the election of 1880. The Garfield Interlude The Republicans nominated the "dark horse" James Garfield. He was would be popular because he came from Ohio and had risen up. The Republicans chose Chester A. Arthur as his vice-president. The Republicans wanted a higher tariff and civil reform so that people could not get public office under the spoil system. The Democrats nominated General Winfield Hancock. The Democrats wanted a lower tariff and civil-service reform. The parties did not think about the social disparity concerning the farmers and laborers. Republicans put money into Indiana. Garfield won by 214 to 155 electoral votes. The new president was a wise choice and loyal to his mother. However he could not say no to people. He made Secretary of State James G. Blaine. Charles J. Guiteau shot Garfield. He died September 19, 1881. Guiteau used the "insanity" plea. Chester Arthur Takes Command Arthur had little political experience. Arthur however was quite intelligent. He had been a lawyer for the abolitionist. Arthur was not kind to his former Conklingite colleagues. The people wanted civil reform and Arthur supported it. The Republicans lost control of the house in 1882. The Pendleton Act of 1883 provided for civil reform. The Civil Service Commission was to determine who were to get political offices. Offices which were not "classified" remained opened to the spoil system. The government lost the patronage of many people so therefore politicians joined with large businesses. Arthur was not supported by his party and died later of a cerebral hemorrhage. The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 James Blaine was nominated by the Republicans. He was very dishonest. He was linked to a Boston businessman which involved a corrupt deal. Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland. He was very moral. Cleveland however had an affair with a woman which resulted in a child. One Republican said that the Democrats were "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion!" Cleveland won by 219 to 182 electoral votes. "Old Grover" Takes Over Cleveland believed in little regulation for businesses. He believed people should support themselves. Cleveland put two former Southerners on his cabinet. Many incumbents were fired from office. Former Union soldiers abused the pension plans. The Grand Army of the Republic supported the veterans. Cleveland vetoed many bills requesting money because they were fraudulent. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff The Treasury in 1881 was $145 million. Big businesses did not want a lower tariff. Cleveland in 1887 called for lower tariffs to stop the surplus. This political issue created a difference between the different political parties. Harrison Outs Cleveland in 1888 Democrats nominated Cleveland. The Republican nominated Benjamin Harrison who was the grandson of William Henry Harrison. Cleveland marries a twenty one year old who was twenty-seven years younger. A person in California asked the British minister who to vote for. The minister responded that a vote for Cleveland was a vote for England. This made the Irish very mad. Cleveland sent the British minister away. The Republicans had $3 million from industrialists. The election was corrupt. Harrison won by 233 to 168 electoral votes. Important achivements of Cleveland were the Dawes Act and Interstate Commerce Act. He also got 81 million acres of land. Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur. And Harrison are thought as the President who really didn't do anything. Chapter 25 Outline Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900 Dennis Cote The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse In 1865 much of the nations railroads (35000 miles) were east of the Mississippi River however by 1900 they laid west of the Mississippi River (192556 miles). It was very expensive to build railroads that the government gave money to companies. Companies suffered losses at first but later the towns grew up around the railroads. The federal government used the railroads for military and postal service. The federal government gave railroad companies 155.5 million acres state government gave 49 million. The government and companies owned alternating patterns of land surrounding the railroads however sometimes the companies abused this. President Cleveland stooped this and gave the public land not used by the railroads. Some companies used the land as collateral. Frontier towns that had trains turned into vivacious communities. Spanning the Continent with Rails The Union Pacific Railroad was to construct a railroad going from Omaha Nebraska and meat up with the Central Pacific Railroad. They also got 20 square miles of land with changing 640 acres sections. The railroad companies also got $16000 to $48000 loans from the federal government per mile. The Credit Mobilier company took $73 million. They paid some $50 million as bribes to Congressmen. Many Irishmen worked on the railroad and even died. Sometimes they made progress as much as 10 miles a day. Many Indians were killed when they tried to defend their land. The Central Pacific Railroad line went from Sacramento over the Sierra Nevada to meet the Union Pacific Railroad. The Big Four which included Leland Stanford and Collis Huntington took lots of money. At Ogden, Utah the rails met. There was a gold spike and silver sledgehammer. The gold spike is at the Stanford University Museum. The railroad allowed for great commerce opportunities for all the country. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties The Northern Pacific Railroad went from Lake Superior to Puget Sound. The Southern Pacific Railroad connected New Orleans and San Francisco. The Great Northern Railroad connected Duluth to Settle. It was run by James Hill. He was very generous. Sometimes there were railroads where there were no people. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Cornelius Vanderbilt was very important in building railroads. Vanderbilt offered low rates and made $100 million. He contributed to Vanderbilt University. The steel rail was important because it was much more durable so therefore more merchandise could be moved. It was first used in the New York Central line. A standard gauge concerning the width of the track was important because many lines were different gauges and therefore were unable to be interconnected. The Westinghouse air brake was important because it made trains safer. The Pullman Palace Cars were being used in 1860's. Trains however were unsafe because of many accidents. Revolution by Railways All of America was united by railroads. Industrialization occurred at a feverish rate because now there were consumers and raw materials which were readily available throughout the nation. Steel could now be made for railroads. Farmers now had a place to sell their crops. Mines now had could transport mineral ores to be processed. Cities grew up rapidly because food could be brought to them. There was also the market to sell them on. Immigrants also came by railroad to settle the land. The land under went a transformation. Cornfields sprung up and cattle were living in areas where buffalo used to live. Forests were destroyed to build houses. Time zones were implemented in 1883 to regulate trains. Wrongdoing in Railroading There was much corruption in the railroads especially by Credit Mobilier. Jay Could also stole enormous amounts of money. There was "stock watering" where companies exaggerated their companies worth to sell stock. Many of the railroad owners thought they were above the law and people. Railroad companies also put many people in office or bribed public officials The railroad owners had a monopoly and controlled many people's lives. Some had a pool where they distribute the business and make money. Other charged more money on short hauls than long ones. Government Bridles the Iron Horse The farmers in the Midwest wondered what had happened because now a few people control the fate of millions. The Depression of 1873 made many people come together to try to control the railroads such as the group Grange. However the Supreme Court in the Wabash case said that Congress alone could interstate trade. President Cleveland did not want to interfere however Congress in 1887 passed the Interstate Commerce Act. It did not allow pool had them publish their rates. It also made them charge fair prices for long and short hauls. The Interstate Commerce Commission was established to carry out the new laws. Richard Olney believed that he could control the new ICC. The Interstate Commerce Act stabilized the railroads. Miracles of Mechanization In 1864 the nation was 4th in manufacturing but by 1894 it was first. The nation had abundant resources such as the Mesabi iron ore deposits. This area became the most important area for the steel industry. A huge wave of immigrants offered a cheap labor force and market for items. They worked two 12 hours a day seven days a week. They came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Eli Whitney's idea of mass production was being refined by industrialists. Cash register, stock ticker, and typewriter were important inventions which brought women into the workforce. The telephone was the most important invention because people could communicate quickly and women became operators. Thomas Edison invented the electric light in 1879. He invented also the phonograph, dictaphone, and moving picture. He applied science to practical uses. The Trust Titan Emerges Carnegie-steel Rockefeller- oil Morgan- banking Andrew Carnegie had his whole operation of making steel under his own company. It was known as "vertical integration." He wanted to make it more efficient. Rockefeller believed in "horizontal integration." He wanted companies to create a monopoly by becoming allies with each other and take out the competition. Stock holders from small companies gave their stock to the Standard Oil Company which then controlled oil production. This was known as creating a trust. Many companies not included in the trust were forced out of business. Morgan during the depression of 1890's consolidated companies and put members of his board on the new company boards. The Supremacy of Steel Steel was being used in many different areas such as buildings and railroads. It was a "heavy industry" which made "capital goods." Steel was at first expensive so Vanderbilt had to important it from England when he redid the New York Central. The Bessemer process discovered by William Kelly made steel at a low price. Complicated process! Coal and iron ore was abundant in the United States so therefore steel could be made easily. Carnegie and the Other Sultans of Steel Carnegie started out as a bobbin boy making $1.20 a week. He quickly rose the ladder and made money. With his capital he entered the steel business in Pittsburgh. Carnegie did not like monopolies. His company produced 1/4 of the nations steel. His company made $40 million per year by 1900 and he brought home $25 million which he got to keep because there were no income tax. J. P. Morgan was famous for financing many railroads, insurance, and banks through his bank. Carnegie wanted to sell his stock in his company. Morgan had heavily invested in steel. Morgan bought out Carnegie for $400 million. Carnegie gave away much of his money to public libraries, and other places totaling $350 million. Morgan "watered" the company and by 1901 made his company worth $1.4 billion. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Petroleum was first mined in Pennsylvania. Petroleum was used for kerosene because it burned very bright. It was the fourth export from the United States. The electric light bubble sold 15 million by 1900. The invention of the car gave a new use for petroleum. Rockefeller formed a trust called Standard Oil Company in 1882 which called the production of petroleum. He prospered because he lived in a time where there was not much government regulation. He owned 95% of oil wells and refineries in 1877. He refineries were located in Cleveland. Rockefeller was ruthless when going into business by destroyed smaller companies. Rockefeller's oil was cheap. There was also the sugar, tobacco, leather, harvester trust. Hustavus Swift and Philip Armour grew rich on cattle trusts. These new people who became rich on industry were the "new rich" and pushed over older rich families. The older families were the opposition towards the new millionaires. The Gospel of Wealth Many of the "new rich" believed that they had been made rich by God. Other people believed in Darwin's theory that the best were in their place because of natural selection. This Social Darwinism is absolutely false! The "new rich" believed that the poor were in their position because they were lazy. This is wrong because many of them worked very hard. Reverend Russell Conwell said that poor people were because of their own fault. This attitude made it very hard for social reform. The monopolists used the Constitution to say that state governments could not control them. They also used the 14th amendment to protect themselves by saying a corporation were a "person" and could not be deprived of their property without "due process." New Jersey had many companies because it was a good place to have big business because there was little control. Government Tackles the trust Evil Congress passed the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890. It forbade restraint of trade. The law was bad. It was used against labor unions. The South in the Age of Industry The South was not heavily affected by the Industrial Revolution. The South used machine-rolled cigarettes James Buchanan Duke created the American Tobacco Company which took over many other companies. He gave money to Trinity College which later turned into Duke University. Many people did not leave their fields to work in factories. The railroads charged more for items to travel north. It was to keep the South from developing industrial centers. In 1880 cotton mills were built in the South. The South had a cheap labor force. They were paid half of what the people in the North were being paid. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America The standard of living in the United States rose because of the increase of industry. Cities grew quickly because of immigrants coming for jobs. Agriculture was decreasing as manufacturing increased. The government also decided to take a larger role in controlling businesses and trusts. People's lives became regulated by clocks and bells. Women became to work as typist or telephone operators because they needed money. However women were often paid less than men. "Gibson Girl" was started by Charles Dana Gibson to try to glamorize women. There was also more class division and some socialists and radical spoke up. It was hard for reform to occur because many politicians were controlled by big business. American products were being sold in other parts of the world. In Unions There is Strength The employees of companies were treated very badly. The big corporations did not care about their workers because there were plenty of other workers. People with skills were not highly valued. Creativity was not considered important. Railroads brought new workers and steamships brought immigrants. The companies could hire lawyers, scabs, and assault labor leaders if they tried to organize. Also the federal government could send in military forces to stop strikes. Some workers were forced to sign contracts not to join unions. In company towns companies owned almost every aspect of life. The middle-class did not care about the poor. Some people believed that unemployment was an act of God! Labor Limps Along The National Labor Union was founded in 1866. In 1872 there were 32 labor unions. The National Labor Union had 600000 members and represented many people. However they discriminated against blacks, Chinese, and women. The NLU wanted eight hour day. Blacks formed their own labor union called Colored National Labor Union. The depression in the 1870's hit unions hard. Railroad strikers in 1877 were put back to work by federal troops. The Knights of Labor took the place for the NLU in 1869. It had white and black members which numbered to about 90000. They wanted economic and social reform such as health and safety. Their leader was Terence Powderly. They won an eight hour work day. They even defeated Jay Gould's Wabash company and got 7.5 hundred thousand members. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor There was a bombing in Chicago May 4, 1886. There were several dozen causalities. It was because of labor unions and anarchists conflicting. Police were injured. Eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. Some were killed. John Atgeld in 1892 granted clemency to the three living anarchists. The Knights of Labor were fought as part of anarchists. The skilled workers formed their own union American Federation of Labor. The AF of L to the Fore Samuel Gompers was the founded of the American Federation of Labor in 1886. The American Federation of Labor was a collection of labor so therefore it was not centralized. Gompers wanted everyone to have a fair share of labor. He wanted better wages, hours, and working conditions. He wanted walkouts and boycotts. The American Federation of Labor was able to amass money to survive strikes. In 1900 the half a million people. The American Federation of Labor however discriminated against women and blacks. Between 1881-1900 there were 23000 strikes which involved 6.61 million workers with a loss of $450 million! The public soon became to sympathize with the workers and declare Labor Day a holiday in 1884. Some employers gave in however a majority was greedy and did not give into the unions. Chapter 26 Outline America Moves to the City 1865-1900 Dennis Cote This is a very long outline!!! The Urban Frontier The population of America from 1870-1900 went from 40 million to and astounding 80 million while the urban population of the nation tripled which meant that 40% of all Americans lived in a city. People in Europe also moved to the city because there were jobs in factories. These people had left their farms because America was able to produce inexpensive crops. The United States did not have a city with a population more than one million in 1860 however by the year 1890 the cities of New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had a population of other a million inhabitants. New York City had a population 3.5 million in the year 1900 which made it the second populous city only to London. Chicago got the first skyscraper in 1885 which stood ten-story high. Louis Sullivan helped to improve the skyscraper. Many people had to commute to work so therefore mass transit developed. Electric trolleys were one of the first such methods. Cities grew very quickly. Cities could be split into many different areas based on business, industry, residential, race, ethnicity, and social class. Many people left their farms for the city because it was fast and fun with electricity, indoor plumbing and telephones. In fact by the year 1900 there were over 1 million. Department stores were very important such as Macy's and Marshall Field's. In the book by Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie it describes the department stores. Department stores provided a place for consumers of the middle class and a working place for the lower class. Farmers encountered a whole new lifestyle in the city. Many items could simply be thrown away. Also there were whole new clothing fashions for each new season so clothes had to be changed each time a new fashion came in. America was now a throw-away society. Crime and sanitation was a problem because urban governments were unable to keep up. The cities were a counterpoint of the many different sides of society because people of all ways of life lived there. The slums were the worst part of the cities because they had terrible living conditions. The dumbell style was the most popular however the worse for the health of its occupants because of very little air, light, and sanitation. Many immigrants kept on moving into the slums. Once people made enough money they would leave the slums. The richer people would leave the city completely and form small communities outside of the city. The New Immigration Many people from Europe poured into America and by the 1880's more than 5 million people came to the country. In the year of 1882 2100 people came per day. The immigrants who came before the 1880's were mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin and were able to fit well into American society. The immigrants who came in the 1880's came from countries located in southern and eastern Europe. These people had a hard time because they came from areas where democratic government did not apply and many of them were unable to read. Many of them came for jobs in factories and had no intention of moving out to farms. In 1880's they accounted for only about 19% by but the 1900's they accounted for over 66%. Different ethnic groups formed different neighborhoods in the cities and had certain ethnic identities. These places had populations often more than that of the largest cities from which they came from. Southern Europe Uprooted Many people left their countries because it was becoming crowded. American imports of foods made populations sometimes double in size. The potato grew well in Europe and fed many. It is estimated that in the 1800- early 1900's that over 60 million people left Europe 50% for America. Many people sent letters home to their countries which were known as "America letters" and resulted in the "America fever." People viewed America as the land of opportunity. Many industrialists wanted a cheap labor force. Cheap and widespread steamships made it easy to cross the Atlantic to America. Jews in Russia were persecuted by the Russians in 1880's so therefore they left for America. Many Jews had skills such as tailoring however German Jews did not appreciate the new Russian Jews. 20 million people between the year of 1820-1900 came to America, made money, and then went home. Catholics and Jews established religious schools. Immigrants tried to save their unique cultures by forming, newspapers, theaters, food stores, churches, restaurants, and social clubs. However children of America soon became Americanized and did not care for Old World customs. Reactions to the New Immigration The US government did very little to help the new immigrants who came except get rid of the insane and criminals. State government did little. City governments were unable to provide essential services. Many of these services feel to political machines such as Boss Tweed of New York City. Bosses got votes and in return immigrants got many essentials such as jobs, housing, food, and clothing. Also schools and hospitals were built. Some reformers did not like this treatment of immigrants however the bosses did provide much needed assistance. Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden were religious leaders who preached "social gospel." It stated that churches themselves should fix the social problems that affected many people. Their basis was in the Sermon on the Mount. They thought that there beliefs would eventually lead to socialism. Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 as a settlement house. It offered English instruction, day care, and activities that strengthened cultures. She won the 1931 Noble Peace Prize because of her work among the poor. She did not like poverty or war. Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement (1893) in New York was also important. These settlement houses became the epicenters of women's rights and reform in America. Florence Kelley a socialist worked for laws that would protect women and stop child labor. She worked for many minority groups. She worked for the National Consumers League for 30 years. Women found that cities were new places for them to make careers in social work. Mostly single women worked jobs. Blacks and immigrants had very few job opportunities because white-collared jobs were reserved for people born in America. They however did find time to have fun and send money home to families. Narrowing the Welcome Mat Many "nativists" worried about the influx of immigrants. They believed that the immigrants were inferior to them. The immigrants were younger and had a higher birthrate so therefore might soon outnumber them. Immigrants got blamed for the government problems. Trade unions did not like immigrants because they would work for cheaper wages. The American Protective Association spawned from the "Know Nothings" was founded in 1887 promoted not voting for Catholic candidates and published false writings of the Catholic Church. They had one million members. Unions were hard to form because of language problems. Immigrants were used to break strikes. People believed they should have protection from foreign workers just like they had from foreign products. The first anti-immigrant law was passed in 1882 and then next one in 1885 to keep foreign workers under contract from coming because they were paid less. Please refer to your textbook for further information concerning this issue. Also a literacy test was first used in 1917 to keep out immigrants. Chinese were banned from entering the United States in 1882. The Statue of Liberty came to New York in 1886 and its inscriptions described many of the people who came from Europe and certain Americans did not want. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Many Protestant churches suffered because their messages were inapplicable to the faithful. Many churches did not protest the social problems of the day. Materialism to the churches was a severe problem. Dwight Moody of Chicago preached kindness and forgiveness. He traveled through American and founded the Mood Bible Institute (1889) in Chicago. The Roman Catholic Church and Jew community was raising their voices. They were on good terms with each other. The Roman Catholic Church had 9 million members which made it the largest Christian denomination in America. Cardinal Gibbons helped the working class and was very popular with all people. There were 150 religions in America by the year 1890. Two of these new ones were the Salvation Army from England and Church of Christ, Scientists a.k.a. Christian Science . Church of Christ, Scientists was founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. She believed that through prayer sicknesses could be healed. Her church grew to several hundred thousand by the time of her death in 1910. The YMCA was founded in the antebellum period and combined many activities together. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859 which postulated the controversial theory of evolution. It said that life came from simpler forms of life over time. The Bible contradicted this and peoples known as "Fundamentalists" formed. "Modernist" was people who did not accept the Bible as being completely factual. People who taught evolution were removed from their positions. Colonel Robert Ingersoll gave lectures "Some Mistakes of Moses" and "Why I Am an Agnostic" to many people. Many people had their faith shaken by the theory of evolution. The Lust for Learning Public education increased because people realized that it important for the population to be educated. Before there were few public high schools yet many private high schools. High schools and elementary schools were becoming wide spread as well as text books during the 1880's and 1890's. Schools for training teachers greatly increased from twelve in the year 1860 to 300 by the year of 1910. Teaching schools were called "normal schools." Kindergarten from Germany became a part of education. Catholic education gained power. Lake Chautauqua in 1874 became the area of a movement known as the Chautauqua movement which promoted lectures and adult education at home. Mark Twain gave lectures. The illiteracy rate in 1870 was 20% and dropped to 10.7% in the year 1900. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People The South did not have good education and blacks did not receive good education. 44% were illiterate even by the year 1900. Booker T. Washington became the head at the Tuskegee "normal" and industrial school in Alabama. He believed that the black community should become acquire skills so that they can become self-sufficient. He did not mention the issue of social equality or challenge racial segregation. George Washington Carver went and later taught at Tuskegee Institute. He provided many new uses for the peanut, sweet potato, and soybean. Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois did not approve of Washington because of the subservient approach. Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois was a graduate of Harvard with a doctorate. Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois wanted equality for blacks. He founded the National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910. He died in Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Colleges were being opened to women. Black colleges such as Howard University sprung up offering educational opportunities. The Morrill Act gave land to states for colleges which became state universities. Also assisting was the Hatch Act of 1887 which gave money for agricultural experiments stations associated with colleges. Many new millionaires gave money to colleges and in fact in the years between 1878-1898 $150 million was given. Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and University of Chicago received much of their funding from the rich. Rockefeller gave $550 million to help people. Schools that trained professionals and had modern labs. Founded in 1876 John Hopkins University was the first good medical college in the US. People did not have to go to Europe for a good education anymore. Woodrow Wilson got his doctorate from John Hopkins University. The March of the Mind Courses that would benefit students were being offered in colleges as well as electives. Dr. Charles Eliot was president of Harvard College and helped to improve education. Louis Pasteur of France and Joseph Lister of England helped to improve public health. Life expectancy increased. William James of Harvard College pioneered behavioral psychology in America. He also did religion and philosophy. Pragmatism according to him was the greatest philosophical contribution of America. It stated that ideas and truths should be tested to see whether they produce a desired effect. The Appeal of the Press Libraries were very popular. The Library of Congress had 13 acres of books. Carnegie gave $60 million for libraries. There were 9000 libraries in 1900. Newspapers were widespread because the linotype in 1885. Joseph Pulitzer was well known for his sensationalistic writing in the New York World and "Yellow Kid" which became known as yellow journalism. William Hearst was able to start many newspapers with his first in 1887 being the San Francisco Examiner. Apostles of Reform The New York Nation was read by many people and was very liberal. It was started in 1865 by Edwin Godkin. He wanted civil-reform, honesty, and a moderate tariff. He had 10000 subscribers. Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty which discussed the social problems of America in relation to capitalism. His book sold 3 million copies. Edward Bellamy wrote Looking Backward which discussed socialism by writing about a person who falls asleep and wakes up in 2000 to find that government has taken over many aspects of life. His book sold 1 million copies. Postwar Writing Harlan Halsey wrote many books about the West. He made a lot of money. Parents disapproved of these books. General Lewis Wallace wrote the book Ben Hur: A Tale of Christ which refuted Darwinism. It was very popular. Horatio Alger wrote lots of fictional stories. He promoted the idea that virtue, honesty, and industry equal success, wealth, and honor. Walt Whitman was one of the most foremost poets of New England and wrote Leaves of Grass. At school we discussed Walt Whitman and he was gay. Leaves of Grass was given to Monica Lewinsky by President Clinton. Emily Dickinson wrote poetry which was published after her death in 1886. Dickinson was one of the best poets ever although hard to understand. Sidney Lanier wrote poetry and his most famous The Marshes of Glynn concerning the debate over Darwinism. Literary Landmarks Kate Chopin wrote many books suggesting feminism. Mark Twain mass very famous for his many books. Theodore Dreiser wrote sister Carrie which described the life of a poor girl working in New York City and Chicago. Stephen Crane wrote The Red Badge of Courage (1895). The New Morality Victoria Woodhull believed in free love. Her sister Tennessee Claflin and her published Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly. Anthony Comstock worked towards good morality in America. Families and Women in the City Family life was very stressful in cities. Divorce started to be common in cities. Sometimes the whole family had to work. Family sized shrank. Marriages did not occur at such young ages. Women and Economics was written by Charlotte Perkins. It was about feminism and how women should break away. She wanted services to help mothers raise their children. The National American Women Suffrage Association formed in 1890 with founders being Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Carrie Catt took over the feminists movement. Wyoming Territory was the first to grant women suffrage. Women could control property by 1890. Ida Wells led black women for suffrage and founded the National Association of Colored Women. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Drinking increased after the Civil War. Bars kept men away from families and caused disparity. Some people thought prohibition was an attack on the middle class. In the year of 1869 the National Prohibition party was founded with the sole p The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1874 was very militant was led by Frances Willard. Carrie Nation attacked bars with deadly weapons. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded to protect animals in 1866. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881. Artistic Triumphs James Whistler was one of America's famous painters. Famous for the painting Whistler's Mother. Augustus Saint-Gaudens was a talents sculpture. Famous for the Robert Gould Shaw memorial. The Boston and Chicago Symphony Orchestra were forming as well as the Metropolitan Opera House. Jazz and blues were forming. The phonograph was being used. Henry Richardson was a famous American architect who revived Romanesque architecture. The Colombian Exposition was held in Chicago which celebrated 400 years since America was discovered by Europeans. The Business of Amusement The circus and Vaudeville were very popular. The circus were run by Barnum and Bailey in 1881. There were "Wild West " shows. Baseball and boxing were a popular sport. Croquet and bicycle became popular fad among people. James Naismith invented basketball in 1891. It could be played any time of the year. Chapter 27 Outline The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution 1865-1890 Dennis Cote Indians Embattled in the West Receding Native Populations Bellowing Herd of Bison The End of the Trail Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Free Land for Free Families Taming Western Deserts The Far West Comes of Age The Folding Frontier The Farm Becomes a Factory Deflation Dooms the Debtor Unhappy Farmers The Farmers Take Their Stand Prelude to Populism Indians Embattled in the West There were very few people in the unsettled land in the West except Mormons. The Great West covered an area of about 1000000 sp. miles. In 1890 the whole area was nearly settled and changed to states and territories. The "Indian Territory" was Oklahoma. In 1860 there were 360000 Native Americans. Unfortunately they were in between two people who wanted to settle their land. There were many tribes that hunted buffalo. The horse had spread quickly since the Spanish had brought them to the New World 300 years before. The Plain Indians were good horse riders. White settlers caused tremendous damage to Native American cultures and environments. White settlers brought many infectious disease such as cholera, typhoid, and smallpox. It resulted in the death of thousands of Native Americans. The bison population shrank considerably as other non-native animals were brought in. Many Native Americans fought among themselves. The Sioux attacked many tribes such as the Chippewas, Crows, Kiowas, and Pawnees. Many sought refuge on reservations in the Indian Territory. Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson was the sight where many treaties were sign with Plain Indian leaders and began the reservation system which setup borders among Native Americans. Also many people violated these treaties. However many leaders did not have jurisdiction over other tribes so therefore treaties were near pointless. Many tribes were forced onto smaller reservations by the federal government in the 1860's specifically the Dakota and Indian Territory. Native Americans were promised to be left alone and given supplies however corrupt federal officials stole many of the provisions for themselves and also money. Some Sioux Indians retaliated by killing some settlers but them were killed by federal forces. Military forces often engaged Native Americans. They included the Tenth Cavalry a black regiment. General Sherman and Custer killed many Native Americans. The Native Americans were sometimes better equipped than the soldiers because they received rifles from fur-traders. Receding Native Populations In 1864 Colonel Chivingston killed 400 Native Americans at Sand Creek, Colorado in grotesque manners that shame America. These Native Americans had been promised immunity from the federal government. L Sioux Indians attacked Captain Fetterman and killed 81 of the men who were building the Bozeman Trail in Montana. Custer was then made very angry and wanted to kill Native Americans. The Treaty of Fort Laramie gave Native Americans land known as the "Great Sioux reservation." General Custer led soldiers into the Dakotas and announced he discovered gold. Many people invaded Sioux land in search of gold against treaties. Many Sioux including Sitting Bull attacked the people. General Custer led the Seventh Cavalry against the Sioux Indians at Little Big Horn River. The Sioux had 2500 to General Custer's 264. General Custer was defeated. However Native Americans were repeatedly massacred in retribution. In 1877 gold was discovered on a reservation owned by the Nez Perce Indians so their reservation was reduced by 90%. Chief Joseph went to Canada to meet with Sitting Bull. Many of his people died and betrayed and brought to Kansas. 40% died. Later they were returned to Idaho. The Apache were the most resistant to invasion by white settlers. Their leader was Geronimo. They were chased into Mexico. Apache women were sent to Florida. Eventually they surrendered and sent to the Indian Territory. Many Native Americans were sent to live on reservations. The railroad brought many people, the diseases killed them, and alcohol destroyed their lives. The near complete extinction of buffalo destroyed Native American cultures. Bellowing Herd of Bison Buffalo provided many of the needed materials of Native Americans. Millions roamed the plains of America. Sometimes railroads had to wait for buffalo to cross tracks. Buffalo provided food for railroad workers. 4000 buffalo were killed by William "Buffalo Bill" Cody. Buffalo robes were fashionable so therefore they were killed. Sometimes they were killed for tongues or no other purpose except for fun. Railroads brought many people. A thousand buffalo remained in 1885. Some were kept in Yellowstone National Park. The End of the Trail Helen Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor and Romona which displayed the terrible genocide of Native Americans. Some wanted to bring Native Americans into society other wanted to isolate them on reservations. None wanted to promote Native American cultures. Sometimes Christian missionaries withheld food from people who did not conform to Christian beliefs. The Sun Dance and Ghost Dance were outlawed. The Battle OF Wounded Knee in 1890 200 Native Americans were killed along with 29 soldiers. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved tribal nations, lands, and ownership. The Native Americans were told if they were good they would get their citizenship in twenty five years. Citizenship was not given to all Native Americans until 1924. Reservation land was to be sold so that schools could "educate" Native Americans in customs of Americans. Native Americans lost 78 million acres of land. The federal government wanted the Native Americans to be individuals and not a society. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 helped the Native Americans and tried to restore basic Native American cultures that were destroyed by the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Many people called "Fifty-Niners" went to Colorado in search of gold however many did not find gold. Some still remained to get silver or grow wheat. In 1859 Many people went to Nevada because of the Comstock Lode. Silver and Gold there was $340 million. There were slammer gold and silver discoveries. "Helldorados" were boomtowns. These towns often turned into "ghost towns." There was very fair law in these areas. Machinery was used to get the gold which required big business. Both and men came to the west in search of a new life and ran businesses. Women gained the right to vote in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho. The gold and silver helped to provide much needed money for the Civil War and railroad although at the same time widened the gap between rich and poor. Specie payments were used again in 1879 and became part of politics. "Silver Senators" came from the West and worked for silver miners. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive The railroads made it possible for cattle to be transported to cities such as Chicago and Kansas City. Refrigerator cars were important to keep meats from spoiling. The Swifts and Armours were people who engaged in meat-packing. Cattle were driven along the parries where they ate on federal land and then onto Dodge City, Cheyenne, Abilene, and Ogallala.. Between the years of 1866-188 4 million cows went north from Texas. Profits were sometimes 40%. Railroads brought people who settled the land where cows grazed. Also barb wire and blizzard in 1886-1887 caused problems for cowboys. Big business took over and setup organized cattle production. The Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association played an important role in the state government in the 1880's. Free Land for Free Families The Homestead Act of 1862 opened up the West to settlers. It was at first opposed by the South but Families could get 160 acres of land if they lived on it for five years for about $30. Another method for getting land was after six months a person could pay $1.25 per acre. The government wanted to sell land now so it could be occupied by settlers and support the family. Around 500 thousand families benefited from the Homestead Act of 1862. However 2.5 million families got land from other sources. However much of the land given to settlers was bear worthless because it was often afflicted by drought such as in Greer County. Many times companies used people to buy the good land so that the companies could then exploit it. The settlers said they built a twelve by fourteen building however it was only 12*14 in inches. Taming Western Deserts Railroads transported crops. The Northern Pacific Railroad had people in Europe selling cheap land to people there. The land in the parries was at first thought not to be fertile but later after moving the soil it proved very fertile. Houses were built out of sod. Land west of the 100th meridian was very drought ridden because it was in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains. John Powell of the US Geological Survey said that farming could not occur in the area unless irrigation was used to transport water. Farmers however did not head his advice. "Dry farming" was attempted however it further destroyed the soil and caused the Dust Bowl in the 1930's. Crops that had adapted to live in dry climates were imported from Russia and transplanted on the plains. Joseph Glidden invented barb wire in 1874. The Missouri, Columbia, and Colorado River were eventually used to irrigate this arid land. The Far West Comes of Age Many people from both the North, South, and some immigrants moved West. Colorado joined the Untied States in 1876. Later followed North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming. Land was also given to settlers in Oklahoma which was supposed to be for Native Americans. After federal troops removed settlers several times. 50,000 settlers poured in on April 22, 1889. They were known as "eighty-niners." Oklahoma joined in 1907. In 1890 there was no frontier left in America according to the Superintendent of the Census. The Homestead Act is still in effect. People can still buy land. The federal government owns 25% of the land in America. Yellowstone National Park was founded in 1872 Yosemite National Park and Sequoia National Park were founded in 1890. The Folding Frontier Americans moved around a lot during the time the frontier was being settled. The "safety valve" theory is about how when cities became crowded and unemployment increased people moved west to farms. However many city people did not known much about farming. However immigrants did sometimes come west. Some businesses raised wages to keep people from moving away. Farming equipment cost a lot in the late 19th century so it became an area for ranchers and miners. Many people from the old frontier came to the new west. People who failed in the west moved to Chicago which made it the second largest city. Settling the west was the last part where people gained control over America since Columbus first arrived. The Native Americans tried their best to resist white incursions onto their land. Anglo American cultures met Hispanic cultures in the Southwest. The environment in the West was changed greatly by all the people moving in . Writers and painters both preserved the American West especially Mark Twain and Albert Bierstadt. The Farm Becomes a Factory At first farmers could be self sufficient however they soon had to raise cash crops. The steam engine was helpful on big farms because it could use the plow, seeder, and harrow. The twine binder and combined reaper-thresher were both important inventions. Farming equipment became very expensive. Much of the farming became mechanized. Farms such as wheat in Minnesota and North Dakota covered several thousand acres. This was similar to modern agribusiness. Farms in California were big. Fruits and vegetables were grown in California and sold in Asia. Chinese and Mexican workers were exploited. Deflation Dooms the Debtor People who depended on one crop for income were at a great disadvantage because prices could fluctuate. Many people went bankrupt in the 1880's. Wheat production increased in other parts of the world so wheat prices went down. Many times farmers borrowed money however the money deflated so they went into debt. Refer to book! The farmers tried to live off of their savings. The prices went lower as machinery produced even more. Interest rates were 8-40%. Many of the farmers felt betrayed because they had braved moving out west and then their lands were taken over. 25% of farms were run by tenants. Serfdom might take over. Unhappy Farmers Sometimes grasshoppers destroyed farms. Floods removed much needed fertile soil. Drought in 1887 destroyed much of the land and sent people into poverty. They had to leave their homesteads and sometimes went to big cities. Taxes were also very bad because their land value was not as high as it really was. Also the tariff caused problems because crops had to be sold on a low price world market economy while the products at home were high priced. Trusts controlled many aspects of many required goods such as harvester, barbed-wire, and fertilizer. Also railroad rates were very high. There was no leadership for the farmers although they made up 50% of the population. The Farmers Take Their Stand The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange) was founded in 1867 and led by Oliver Kelley. They wanted to help farmers through social and education activities. Many people enjoyed not being so isolated from society. Oliver Kelley was a Mason and helped to turn many of the farmers into Masons. The Grange was active in the Midwest and South. They had 800 thousand members by 1875. The Grange created cooperatively run stores, grain elevator, and warehouses. The Grange also went into politics and helped to lower railroad and storage rates. There were Granger laws which were fought in the courts however the Wabash case caused the end of the Grange. The Greenback Labor party was very popular because it wanted to improve people's lives. They had a million votes and had 14 people in Congress. General Weaver was the Greenback president candidate in 1880. He won 3% of the popular vote. Prelude to Populism The Farmers' Alliance in Texas was founded to stop the railroad and manufacturing control over farmers. Membership increased to about one million by 1890's. They occupied areas in the South and Midwest. They however were destroyed because they only cared about farmers who owned land not the ones who did not have any land. Blacks were also not included in their membership. Blacks made up 50% of the farmers. Colored Farmers' National Alliance had 250 thousand members in 1890. Racial divisions prevented organized cooperation. They wanted railroads controlled by the government, did not want banks, a better income tax, and a special sub-treasury for them. They also wanted special warehouses where farmers could store crops until prices went higher while the farmers took out loans. Ignatius Donnelly came from Minnesota and was very eloquent and lead the farmers well. Mary Elizabeth made many speeches and criticized the government for supporting big business. The Alliance however made progress in politics with 4 governors and 40 members in Congress. The Alliance would merge with the People's party. Together they would advance against people of power specifically the people in the Northeast. Chapter 28 Outline The Revolt of the Debtor 1889-1900 Dennis Cote The Republicans Return Under Harrison It was raining the day Harrison was inaugurated so Grover Cleveland held an umbrella over him. Harrison had integrity not very good people's skill on a one to one basis. James Blaine was the secretary of state and Theodore Roosevelt was the head of the Civil Service Commission. The Republicans had 166 members in the House which meant they had 3 more than necessary for quorum call. Democrats refused to answer roll calls. They often wanted a roll call to determine if a quorum was present. Speaker of the House Thomas Reed did not appreciate the antics of the Democrats. He believed that the political majority present in the House should operate and not be impeded by the minority which were the Democrats. He counted quorum as members who were not legally recognized as part of the quorum because they did not answer roll call. He even counted people who were not present in the Capitol. The 51st Congress was the first to spend over one billion annually. Democrats later used his methods of faster legislation after they regained control of the House 2 years later. Political Gravy for All Harrison had the surplus from the Treasury went to pensions for Civil War veterans. This meant that the Grand Army of the Republic would for the Republicans (GOP). The Sherman Silver Purchase Act said that that the government was to purchase 4.5 million oz of silver per month and then have paper money equal to its value issued. The West agreed to support a tariff for protective purposes only. The East said they would let the West have a silver bill. The McKinley Tariff Bill of 1890 made the rates 48.8%. It was the highest in history. It had benefits to farmers however the US was superior in agriculture so it did little use to them. The Democrats did not like the bill. Republicans lost many of their seats in Congress in the 1890 congressional election because the people did not like the high tariffs. They went from 166 to 88. The Populist Challenge in 1892 The Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland for the 1892 presidential candidacy while the Republicans nominated Harrison. The Populists party met in Omaha and wanted free and limitless silver, a better income tax, and government ownership of telecommunications and transportation. They wanted a different form of democracy. The people could push legislation and vote on them through referendums. Also the president would have one term and senators be elected directly. They wanted a smaller work day and more protection against immigrants. There were many strikes in 1892. Carnegie's steel factories had a strike that ended in the death of ten people. The Populists nominated General Weaver and he got 22 electoral votes. However the populists did not want blacks to be party members so therefore the Populists many votes. Many blacks in the South had literacy tests and poll taxes. The Jim Crow laws caused further segregation in the South. A possible punishment of the violation of Jim Crow laws was death. The racists attitudes of the Populists kept from developing strong politically. "Old Grover" Cleveland Again The depression of 1893 was the worst in the 19th century. It lasted for 4 years. There were many reasons such as building too much, over appraising land, labor problems, and the failure of farms. Silver had been detrimental to American credit and many banks were calling in loans. Many businesses failed. Unemployment increased exponentially. Soup kitchens and other charitable organizations also formed. The government however did not want to interfere. The Treasury's gold dropped below $100 million Cleveland had a growth that had to be removed. William Bryan wanted free silver. Cleveland however stopped the filibuster and repealed the Sherman Silver-Purchase Act. Gold Shortages and Job Shortages The amount of gold continued to drop to $41 million. Continual dropping would cause severe problems to the value of American currency on the international market. He decided to sell bonds for gold and got $100 million for the treasury. J.P. Morgan banking house in 1895 lent the government $65 million in gold and they charged a commission of $7 million. Many people believed that the government had "sold out" to Morgan however Cleveland believed that he was not doing anything wrong. Jacob Coxey of Ohio was very rich set out for Washington because he wanted the government to end the unemployment by public works and wanted them to release $500 million in paper money. However when they reached Washington there were only 500 out of an expected 100 thousand. Cleveland Crushes the Pullman Strike The Pullman strike was in 1894 in Chicago. Eugene Debs led the American Railway Union which had 150 thousand members. The Pullman Palace Car Company was hard hit by the depression and had to reduce wages by 1/3. The strike resulted in some destruction of property. Governor John Altgeld thought that the situation was still under control. Attorney General Olney had a different opinion because he was a conservative. The strikers were halting the delivery of mail so therefore he thought that the strike should be broken. Soldiers were sent in to end the strike. Debs and his friends were sent to prison. He read radical books that influenced him later with socialism. The unions yelled "government injunction" because this was actually the first time the federal government had become seriously involved in a strike. Democratic Tariff Tinkering There was an income tax against the people who made over $4000. There was a new tariff bill introduced. The tariff however ran into trouble in the Senate where hundreds of amendments were made. The sugar trust had a part that would give them $20 million annually. The tariff was finally called the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 with a reduction to 41.3%. Cleveland was unhappy with the tariff however he let it become law without his signature. The Supreme Court however in 1895 said that the income tax was unconstitutional because it violated direct tax. The Democrats lost many seats in the House to Republicans in 1894. The Populists believed that silver could fix anything. The Coin's Financial School was authored by William Harvey and showed how silver was better than gold. This was very influential. McKinley: Hanna's Fair-Haired Boy The Republicans nominated McKinley for the presidency in 1896 He had been in the Civil War and Congress. He was compared to Napoleon. Marcus Alonzo Hanna helped out McKinley a lot. He even stated he loved McKinley. Hanna was controlled by Hamiltonian beliefs which meant that government existed to assist government. Hanna organized the campaign before the convention for McKinley. The Republicans wanted gold set as the standard however they consented to a gold-silver standard on the global market.. Republicans also wanted a tariff. Bryan: Silverite Messiah The Democrats did not want Cleveland because he had betrayed them. The Democrats nominated William Bryan from Nebraska. He had integrity, ambition, and openness He gave a speech for silver at the convention at Chicago. In became known as the Cross of Gold speech. The Democrats said that 16 ounces of gold to 1 oz of gold although the market was double. The Populists were left out and then merged with the Democrat party. Hanna Leads the "Gold Bugs" Bryan toured through many states and even the east. There were many silver fanatics who rushed to see Bryan. The people in the Northeast were very afraid of Bryan. They said he was crazy. The Republicans had $16 million for campaigns while the Democrats had only $1 million. The Democrats believed that McKinley got in because of Hanna's money. Appealing to the Pocketbook Vote Hanna was very against silver. He had a powerful campaign and sent many people out to get the vote. Republicans reminded people about the panic allegedly caused by Cleveland. McKinley however for his own campaign stayed at home. The price of wheat went up because the supply of wheat went down. There were many business transactions done by the Republicans in case Bryan won the election to protect their interest.. Also there were rumors that people would have to pay their workers with fifty-cent pieces. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders McKinley got 271 electoral votes. His votes came from the East while Bryan got 176 and his came from the South and the West. The workers did not vote for Bryan because it would mean inflation. The victory of 1896 indicated that big business was here to stay and that they had the influence. The Republicans would have control of the Presidency for the next sixteen years. Republicans Standpattism Enthroned McKinley did not go far from his party platform. He worked well with Congress. The book says that McKinley had an "intimate" relationship with Hanna. The Dingley Tariff Bill was pushed through Congress and raised the rate to 46.5%. Inflation Without Silver Prosperity returned as because of increased manufacturing and farming. The Gold Stand Act let paper money be cashed in for real gold. It was passed in 1900 because it had to wait for the silver people to leave. The farmers would've benefited from the inflation. Discoveries of gold in other parts of the world caused moderate inflation. The country returned to normal and the gold stand as the silver people fell silent. Chapter 29 Outline The Path of Empire 1890-1899 Dennis Cote Imperialist Stirrings Americans in the post Civil War era at first did not care much about what happened outside the country. However in the 1880's and onward they became very interested. Exports in both manufacturing and farming goods increased. The nation was doing well so they believed that they needed to expand the nation. Writers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph intrigued people. The book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis by Rev. Josiah Strong called for people to spread their religion and morals to other people. Also Roosevelt and Henry Lodge believed that the earth was bound to be dominated by the US because of social Darwinism. Africa was split up among Europe in the 1880's. China was also forced into concession by Japan, Germany and Russia. Captain Alfred Mahan wrote the book in 1890 The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. His book stated that the reason why nations had dominated history was because of their naval superiority. His book further supported the growing appeals for a canal in Central America. Secretary of State James Blaine during the Garfield and Harrison administration pushed for Latin American countries support both politically and economically. The Americans wanted an open market with Latin America. His perseverance paid off when the Pan-American Conference met in Washington, D.C>, 1889. The Americans almost got in a war with Germany over the Samoan Island. 1889 America almost got in another war with Italy when they hanged eleven Italian. 1891 America almost went to war with Chile over the death of two American sailors. 1892 The Pribilof Islands were disputed over by American and Canada however it was resolved in 1893. These episodes proved how nationalistic America was when they would go to war over simple parcels of land. Monroe's Doctrine and the Venezuelan Squall There was a land conflict claim between British Guiana and Venezuela. Cleveland did not like the British trying to get more land. Secretary of State Olney was instructed to inform the London government that they were in clear violation of the Monroe Doctrine by trying to acquire more land and that they should immediate submit their dispute for arbitration. The US was now in command of the Western Hemisphere. The British reply was that the conflict was not of the US's concern. Cleveland responded by requesting from a Congress a special committee to be setup to establish a border for the two places. If the British challenged this line the US would be willing to fight for it. The United States was heavily outmatched in warships. 32:5. England eventually decided not to fight over British Guiana. They had other trouble in the world such as Russia, France, and Germany. Also the Americans could launch attacks into Canada if the Americans wished. The Boers who were of Dutch ancestry captured six hundred British Men in South Africa and the German congratulated them and the British got mad at Germany. Therefore anger at the United States was transferred to Germany. Europe was angry by the United States saying that they controlled the Western Hemisphere however they did come to respect the strengthened Monroe Doctrine. Latin America was also nicer to America. The United States and Great Britain decided to be more friendly and sincere to each other. It was known as "patting the eagle's head" or the Great Rapprochement. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear Hawaii was an area where US shippers were able to get supplies for ships while crossing the Pacific Ocean. There were also Christian missionaries sent from New England in 1820. They were Protestants. The United States told other countries not to interfere with Hawaii. Sugar was profitable however the tariff in 1890 stopped the sugar. Americans therefore concluded that they should take over Hawaii. Whites and American troops overthrew Queen Liluokalani but Cleveland thought they had no right to properly overthrow the government. However the revolutionaries could not be removed. Queen Liluokalani believed that the native Hawaiians should rule themselves. Cubans Rise in Revolt The Cubans decided to revolt against the very oppressive Spanish. Their method was to destroy as much of their land so that the Spanish would leave. The Americans empathized with the Cubans because they had invested millions in Cuba. Also Spain was a danger to trade in the Caribbean in a possible canal in Central America. Many Cubans were led into death camps by the Spanish General Wyler. These camps were terrible places where many people died at an alarming rate. Congress passed a resolution in 1896 that would require President Cleveland to officially recognize the Cubans however Cleveland did not want to because he was not for imperialism. The Mystery of the Maine Explosion William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer told of the killing in the death camps. Hearst wrote of the many atrocities such as the attack on Americans. The battleship Maine was sent to Cuba to officially for a friendly visit however it was suppose to go there to evacuate American citizens in the event of an emergency. The Spanish ambassador wrote a very derogatory about President Cleveland. He later resigned. The Maine blew up in February 15, 1898 which resulted in 260 deaths. The report stated that an underwater mine was the cause of the destruction. However later it was proved that a coal bunker exploded. American used the Maine as their rallying call. McKinley Unleashed the Dogs of War McKinley did not want to engage the Spanish.. Theodore Roosevelt wanted war and said that the president had "the backbone of a chocolate éclair." McKinley had seen enough fighting in the Civil War and did not want more. Mark Hanna and investors knew that war would not be good for business. President McKinley and Congress declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898. It was only to last 113 days. The Teller Amendment said that after Cuba had been freed from Spain America would let Cuba rule itself. So began the Spanish-American War. Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila The United States army was not ready for war in tropical climates. The navy was also not the best. However the Spain's navy was far from Spain. Roosevelt contacted Commodore Dewey who was stationed in Hong Kong to immediately attack the Philippines, specifically the capital Manila. The Philippines was a Spanish possession. Dewey on May 1, 1898 arrived at Manila with his six warships and attacked ten Spanish warships however the Spanish were no match for the Americans. There were 400 casualties on the Spanish side and none of the American side. Unexpected Imperialistic Plums Dewey was promoted to admiral and gained the status of a national hero. American warships had to wait for troop reinforcements to arrive. Many other ships from other countries arrived to protect their citizens and interest. The Germans almost went to war with the Americans because the Germans had violated American regulations. The British however calmed down the issue. Filipino revolutionaries were led by Emilio Aguinaldo against the Spanish. Hawaii was annexed by a joint resolution in Congress in 1900 so that Dewey could have support in the Philippines. The Confused Invasion of Cuba Spain sent warships to Cuba however they were not prepared for a battle. They were led by Admiral Cerva. He took refuge in Santiago harbor. Many Americans became afraid that the Eastern seaboard was about to be invaded so they fled into the interior. The Americans were supposed to invade the mainland of Cuba. However Americans were not ready to fight in a tropical environment because their uniforms had been designed to operate in the cold fighting Native Americans. The Rough Riders were part of the invasion force however they lost man of their horses on the way to Cuba. One of them was Theodore Roosevelt. On July 1 Americans including the Rough Riders took San Juan Hill. Curtains for Spain in America The Spanish fleet was highly outgunned. The Spanish were defeated July 3. There were 500 Spanish casualties compared to 1 American casualties. There was an armistice August 12, 1898. Americans however had trouble because of many diseases that they were unprepared for. Many of the sick soldiers were moved Long Island. Five thousand men died from diseases or other reasons while 400 died from bullets or combat related injuries. Sanitary conditions were bad so many soldiers got typhoid fever. McKinley Heeds Duty, Destiny and Dollars The United States got Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The US got the Philippines for a variety of reasons one was because they were afraid that Germany would take over and also the well being. Businessmen also wanted the Philippines because it was very valuable. Also Protestants wanted to "save" the Filipinos from Roman Catholicism. McKinley said that he took the Philippines because an alleged inner voice told him to. Whether it was God or some form of schizophrenia is questionable. The United States had to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines because it had been captured a day after the armistice. America's Course (Curse?) of Empire The acquisition of land caused great debate in the United States particularly the Philippines because it was very different from the Untied States in different areas.. The Anti-Imperialism League had many famous people and decried the seizure of new land. Many of the Filipinos wanted freedom. Expansionist people however believed that the Philippines could become quite profitable. Also the Americans could "civilize" the Filipinos. Bryan broke the debate in Congress by telling how they should vote for it. Some people assumed he done this so that he could run for the Presidency in 1900 for anti-imperialism. Perplexities in Puerto Rice and Cuba The Foraker Act of 1900 let Puerto Rico use popular government and then citizenship in 1917. Americans improved the lives of Puerto Ricans. Many Puerto Ricans moved to New York City. Some Puerto Ricans still wanted independence. A question was did the tariff apply to the new lands. The Insular Cases decided by the Supreme Court said that Congress should figure out if they applied to the new acquisitions. Cuba was much improved by General Leonard Wood. Dr. Walter Reed figured out the cause for yellow fever and were able to stop it from spreading. The US did leave Cuba in 1902 according to the Teller Amendment. The Americans kept their promise to leave. The Platt Amendment however stated that the United States could return to restore order and protection if the need arose. It was not liked by some Cuban politicians. It was included in the Cuban constitution. The United States still holds a military installation at Guantanamo near Cuba. It can only be terminated if both countries agree to do so. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres The United States was more respected by European nations. There was a resurgence of nationalism. Latin American countries were worried about the United States avarice. Great Britain and the United States built stronger ties although German got madder at the United States. Also it proved the necessity of the United States to have big navies that could control both the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Also the separation between the North and South was closed. Chapter 30 Outline America on the World Stage 1899-1909 Dennis Cote "Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines The Filipinos had hoped that they would receive freedom like Cuba had. Unfortunately the United States Congress voted against it. Emilio Aguinaldo led the Filipinos in an insurrection against the American troops. Anti-imperialists in America protesting more vehemently against the war being waged against the Filipinos. The Americans and Filipinos fought a guerilla war against each other. The Americans did many atrocities against the Filipinos. The fighting was stopped in 1901 when Aguinaldo was apprehended however it still continued but at a lesser intensity. McKinley setup a Philippine Commission to advise him. Taft called the Filipinos his "little brown brothers." Many American soldiers did not share his sentiment. The Americans improved the status of the Philippines in many ways especially in education. However the Filipinos were not appreciative. The Filipinos wanted complete freedom and be made a sovereign nation. John Hay Defends China (and US Interests) Russia and Germany began to establish themselves in China because the Chinese government was near defenseless. Americans became worried about the American missionaries. Americans also worried that Europeans would take over China markets. Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policy which would allow the recognition of some Chinese rights and competition that would be impartial. The only country to accept the Open Door policy was Italy because it had no claims in China. Russia indicated that it did not want the open Door however Hay turned it around so that the Open Door would be in effect. Hinging the Open Door in China The Boxer Rebellion when Chinese killed many foreigners in 1900. Luckily 18000 soldiers arrived to stop the rebellion which was composed of soldiers from many nations even America. China was required to pay Western nation $333 million with the United States getting $24.5 million. The US returned $18 million which was used to educate Chinese in the US. Secretary Hay also sent a note informing other nations to respect the sovereignty of China. Kicking "Teddy" Roosevelt Upstairs McKinley was nominated in 1900 with the platform of gold, prosperity, and expansion. "Teddy" Roosevelt was very popular so they decided he should be the VP candidate. Roosevelt received every vote except his obviously. Hanna became very mad. Bryan was nominated by the Democrats with silver and protesting the expansionism. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900 McKinley stayed at home while Bryan went out and campaigned. Roosevelt however toured throughout the country and cut into Bryan's votes. Bryan spoke about how awful the expansion was for the United States. Many people cared more about what was happening domestically. The Republicans told of how awful it would b if Bryan got into office. McKinley won the vote by 292 to 155 electoral votes. The vote was mixed because people were in conflict over the different issues. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick McKinley was killed by an anarchist in 1901 so Roosevelt took over. Roosevelt said he would execute the policies of McKinley. Roosevelt was a very good speaker. He believed in a strong military. He had a very big ego. He was a moderate. He supported morals and reform. He was popular with the people because he led them forward. Colombia Blocks the Canal America needed a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. It would benefit both the military and merchants. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty let the American build a canal. It nullified the Clay-Bulwer Treaty. Some wanted Nicaragua but others wanted Panama. There was an old failed French canal. There was a debate in Congress concerning the safety so they decided on the Panama route. There was a treaty worked out that give the US a 6 mile wide piece of land for $10 million and 250 thousand a year after however the Senate of Colombia rejected the treaty. Roosevelt was very angry. Uncle Sam Creates the Puppet Panama The revolution was November 3, 1903. The United States would not allow for Colombian military people cross over into Panama. The United States formally recognized Panama only after three days. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty was signed and gave them land 10 miles wide. Roosevelt did not activiely promote the revolution however it created a bad image. Completing and Appeasing Colombia Latin America became very afraid of the United States. Roosevelt had wanted Panama so it would help to get him reelected. Construction started in 1904 however there were problems with landslides and sanitation but they were eventually defeated. In 1914 it was finished at the price of $400 million. TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine Many Latin American countries were in debt. Germans even attacked some Venezuelan ships. Roosevelt was worried that if European nations got in they wouldn't leave. The Roosevelt Corollary Doctrine said that if Latin American nations failed the Americans would help them out financially. The US took over tariffs in the Dominican Republic. The US constantly intervened in the affairs in the Caribbean. Latin American countries did not like the US. Roosevelt on the World Stage Russia wanted to control Korea and Manchuria so they could have some control on the Pacific. Manchuria had been invaded by Russia during the Boxer Rebellion. The Japanese then led an attack on the Russian navy which was located at Port Arthur. This meant that they were at war. The Japanese continued to attack the Russians which led to many defeats at the hands of the Russians. Japan started running low on people so it wanted the US to negotiate peace between the two countries. The US had them meet at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Japan wanted an indemnity and the island of Sakhalin. The Russians did not want defeat. The end was Japan only got half of the island and no indemnity. Roosevelt also got an international conference in Algeciras, Spain. He then got the Noble Peace Prize in 1906. The Russians got mad at Americans. Japan also got mad at America. They were both mad because they felt gypped by America. Japanese Laborers in California Japanese moved to California. San Francisco said that Japanese children would have to go to a special segregated school. Roosevelt was very unhappy with this so he invited the San Francisco Board of Education to the White House. They worked out an agreement after some conflict. There would be no more Japanese coming to America therefore fixing the school problem. Roosevelt did not want the world especially Japan to come and think that they were afraid so he sent the battleship fleet on a world tour. The fleet was called the Great White Fleet. They went all over the place. The Great White Fleet had a very warm welcome in Japan. The Root-Takahira agreement in 1908 recognized the land owned by the US and Japan. Also the Open Door policy. Roosevelt had avoided war with Japan, for now. Chapter 31 Outline Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt 1901-1912 Dennis Cote Progressive Roots 76 million Americans in 1900. One in Seven was a foreigner 13 million came between 1900-1914 There was a new reform movement in led by the Progressives. They were remnants of the Greenback and Populists. Obviously government regulation was needed to control the bad businesses. Before the 1900’s there were attacks led by the Populists against the big trusts. There were books written such as Wealth Against the Commonwealth and The Theory of the Leisure Class told of what was happening and how awful it was that the rich controlled ltos of money. Jacob wrote the articles How the Other Half Lives which told of the lower class and what terrible conditions they lived in. Some of these people were socialists from Europe. Some of the feminists were Jane Addams and Lillian Wald. The progressives wanted better treatment of women and children because they often worked in dangerous conditions. Racking Muck with the Muckrakers The magazines McClure’s Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, and Everybody’s were magazines which were published for the progressive cause. Editors paid reporters to get good stories about the social disparities. Roosevelt called these people muckrakers because they brought up the bad parts in the society. If you look at the river you can often see just clear water however if you bring up the muck it makes the river dirty. "The Shame of The Cities" told of the bad big businesses and the governments, which were corrupt. Ida Tarbell wrote a sensational expose about the Standard Oil Company. They attacked the tariff lobbyists and also the bad life insurance companies. Also the beef trust, the so called "money trust", and the railroad people. Thomas Lawson made $50 million on the stock market but told of his methods in "Frenzied Finance" which made Everybody’s circulation increased dramatically. David Phillips wrote a series "The Treason of the Senate" which appeared in Cosmopolitan which told that 75 of the Senators worked only for the big businesses. Later the 17th amendment was passed which had a direct election of the Senators by the people of the state. There were also attacks on the social disparity of the black community, which still remained largely illiterate. There were also attacks on the drugs that were being sold. The muckrakers told of the problems but did not provide solutions to these problems. They wanted to preserve capitalism and capitalism however only in a purified form. Political Progressivism Many of the progressives came from the middle-class. They felt threatened from the upper and lower class so therefore knew they had to act to protect their interest. There progressives in all levels of politics and government. They did not like how special interest how gained considerable control and not the people were thought of anymore. They wanted to have direct primary elections. Also they favored "initiative" where citizens could have propose bills themselves. Also "referendum" which would require a vote by the people so that legislative bodies could not be bought. Also "recall" would allow citizens to get people out of office if they did not comply with the people’s will. There were also attempts to stop graft. Direct senatorial elections were also being held because many of the Senators were millionaires. Women suffrage movement also picked up momentum. Progressivism in the Cities and States There were many important progressives in the cities. In Galveston, Texas commissions were setup to administer city affairs. There was also the city-manager system, which removed politics from the administration of the city governments. Some of these systems used efficiency over democracy. There were many attacks on the people who ran the slums, juvenile crimes, and widespread prostitution, which was supported by the police. Robert La Follete was the governor of Wisconsin who was a strong fighter for the progressives. He fought the big businesses and returned power to the people. He also made policies to regulate utilities with help from the state university. Battling Social Ills The progressives got codes for safety and sanitation. Also jobs that were dangerous for children were not allowed. There was a terrible fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company which killed 146 women because of the unsafe conditions. There were also worker compensation laws. There also laws passed to protect people from working in dangerous sweatshops. In the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon in gave women protection from dangerous jobs. In the Supreme Court Case Lochner v. New York it established a 10 hour workday for bakers. Latin in another court case it was established for a 10 hour workday for factory workers. Alcohol according to many Progressives was the source of many evils. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was founded by Frances Willard and promoted prohibition. There were one million members. Liquor was banned by the 18th Amendment. States had passed laws before banning alcohol. TR's Square Deal for Labor Roosevelt believed that the interest of the public was being destroyed. He decided to have a "Square Deal" that would affect capital, labor, and the public. Control of the corporation, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources were what Roosevelt wanted. There was a strike in the coal mines located in the state of Pennsylvania. They wanted 20% more pay and a nine hour work day. The nation began to experience shortages. The owners of the mine did not care about the workers. Roosevelt called both sides to the White House and said that the owners were quite stupid. Roosevelt told the owners that if they did not begin negotiations with the mine workers that they would send the federal troops in and make it government operated instead. The owners complied with a 10% increase and a nine hour work day. The Department of Commerce and Labor was formed. The Bureau of Corporations investigated and stopped many of the companies which had trusts. TR Corrals the Corporations THE Interstate Commerce Commission was not working. The Elkins Act of 1903 out fines on railroads that gave rebates to shippers including the shippers themselves. Hepburn Act of 1906 outlawed free passes/bribery. The ICC was grew larger to include more industries. It was given power over rates. According to Roosevelt there were good trusts which helped the people and bad trusts which wanted money. Roosevelt decided to get rid of all the bad trusts but keep the good ones. Roosevelt decided to sue the Northern Securities Act which was then dissolved because the Supreme Court upheld the anti-trust suit of Roosevelt. Other monopolies such as beef, sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, etc were destroyed. Roosevelt wanted to prove to the people that the government controlled the nation not the corporations. Regulation was the key. Caring for the Consumer American meat in Europe was being banned because it was allegedly contaminated. The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair showed how unsanitary the canning facilities were. Roosevelt had a special commission conduct an investigation which showed that the book was true. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 which would be transported across state lines would have to undergo federal inspection. The Pure Food and drug Act of 1906 blocked false labeling for foods and medicines. Earth Control Many Americans believed that the resources were limitless so therefore they continued to use a high rate without caring. The Desert Land Act of 1877 required that the purchaser of the land would have to water the land within three years. The Forest Reserve Act of 1877 let the President set aside land for national parks. 46 million acres of land was saved. The Caret Act of 1894 gave federal land to the states with the express wish thatb it be rrigated and settled. The Newlands Act of 1902 allowed the state of Washington to sell land that would be used to irrigate land. The Roosevelt Dam was on the Salt River to have irrigation. 25% of America's forest had been completely destroyed by 1900. He set aside 125 million acres of tree. There were also millions of acres of land saved. Christmas trees were banned in the White House. Roosevelt strongly supported conservation. The frontier had disappeared so therefore they wanted to save land. Jack London's Call of the Wild was wildly read by American. The Sierra Club in 1892 was established with a mission of conservation. San Francisco was allowed to construct a dam in Yosemite National Park. Roosevelt had hoped that the land could be used for relaxation, pasturing, lumbering, etc. Roosevelt needed the help of all Americans to save the natural treasures of America. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 Roosevelt was elected President in 1904. Republicans did not trust Roosevelt because he was a loose canon. There was a panic in 1907 which was blamed on Roosevelt. The Aldrich-Vreeland Act allowed for legitimate banks to distribute currency in the event of an emergency. Later the Federal Reserve Act was passed to secure money. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Roosevelt chose Taft to care out his policies for the 1908 presidential election. The Democrats again chose William Jennings Bryan. Yes the same guy who had run before in several different elections. Taft got 321 electoral votes. The Socialists candidate Eugene Debs got 420,793 popular votes. Roosevelt left for Africa to do some lion hunting and came back fine. Some people wish the lions would have eaten him. Roosevelt had helped to control capitalism which was going out of control. Roosevelt was against socialism. Roosevelt was a moderate. The Square Deal was the ancestor of the New Deal. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole Taft did not have any skills in being good at politics. Taft was very fat (350 pounds). He did not have a good sense of public opinion. He left Congress alone. His Cabinet was not composed of any Progressives. The Dollar Foes as a Diplomat Taft wanted investors put their money in areas of the world of important concern of the United States especially in the Far East and the Panama Canal. German investors might take over important areas commercially. Russia and Japan had a monopoly control over Manchuria railroads so therefore could cut off control to China and then stop the Open Door Policy. Secretary of State Knox said that it would be a good idea to buy the railroad and return to China however Russia and Japan did not accept. There was also unrest in the Caribbean which require American soldier to go there and stop. Taft the Trustbuster 90 lawsuits were brought against trust by Taft compared to Roosevelt's 44. Standard Oil Company was dissolve by order of the Supreme Court in 1911. However the Supreme Court also ruled that only unreasonable trusts could be destroyed. Taft Splits the Republican Party The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill as at first to be used to help lower the tariff but the Senate had changed it around. Taft started the Bureau of mines to regulate mineral reserves and also to preserve coal land. Secretary of the Interior Ballinger sold land in the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska for the purpose of development of corporations. Pinchot of the Division of Forestry criticized him. The Republican party soon broke between the old Republicans and the Progressives. The "New Nationalism" which was preached by Taft was that the government itself should be used to heal the economic and social problems. The Republicans lost considerable influence in the 1910 Congressional elections. Socialists Victor Berger even got a seat. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture The National Progressive Republicans League was started in 1911 with Senator La Follette leading the party. Roosevelt decided to go for a third term because he believed that a person could not go fore three terms in a row. He requested from seven state governors to be nominated for the Republican nomination. Taft and Roosevelt got in a big fight because Roosevelt said that he was reactionary. The Republican convention had 100 followers of Roosevelt and 250 followers of Taft. There was a huge argument whether or not the Taft supporters could be seated however it was settled. Taft supporters pushed through their nomination for Taft and Roosevelt was quite angry that Taft got the nomination. Roosevelt decided to star a third party. Chapter 32 Outline Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad 1912-1916 Dennis Cote The Emergence of Dr. Thomas Woodrow Wilson The Democrats decided to nominate Woodrow Wilson who was a strong progressive. Bosses in New Jersey tried to manipulate him but he fought back with progressive speeches. He became governor of New Jersey and promoted many Progressive bills. Wilson was a good politician. He fought for the people. Many people talked of him for the nomination. He received the Democrat nomination after Bryan gave him support. The Democrats wanted legislation against trust, also reform for the banking system, and also to reduce the tariff which was called the "New Freedom." The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Roosevelt thought that he would receive the Republican nomination but Taft got it instead. Roosevelt and Taft both disliked each other a lot. Roosevelt and Wilson disagreed over how the government was to carry out economic and social changes. Herbert Croly wrote the book The Promise of American Life which influenced TR. He believed that organizations should be consolidated along with increased regulation. Also was women suffrage and welfare. Some people labeled them socialistic. Wilson's plan called for small business, entrepreneurship, and for markets that were not regulated however that did not have monopolies. He also did not believe in welfare system for individuals because they should make their own way. The candidates offered significant different choices. Roosevelt was attacked and stopped his campaign for two weeks. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President Wilson won by 435 electoral votes but only received 41% of the votes, which was smaller than Bryan’s previous elections. Socialist Eugene Debs received an amazing 900672 votes. The Progressive party had not been able to elect many officials to public office. The Republicans became minorities in Congress. Taft got a professorship at Yale and then became Chief Justice in 1921. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics Wilson was the 2nd Democrat in the office of the presidency since 1861. He was sensitive towards the Confederacy because he was born right before the Civil War. He had a very religious life. He believed that the presidency was very important. He was sometimes not a people person and could sometimes not relate to the common people. He had very strong morals and was uncompromising when dealing with corrupt people. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Wilson had a clear mission that was stated on his party platform. Wilson had a special session of Congress and went there himself calling for a lowering of the tariff which was unusual because many times Presidents sent messengers to read his messages. The Underwood Tariff Bill lowered the tariff although the lobbyists did not want it. There was also a graduated tax beginning at $3000. The income tax was the 16th amendment. Wilson Battles the Bankers The banking system of the United States was very old and was still run by the National Banking Act that was passed during the Civil War. Money reserves were in cities in the north specifically New York City so therefore could not be sent to critical areas. A special investigation led by Senator Aldrich (republican) recommended that there should be big bank sort of like a third Bank of the United States. Democrats however did not agree. Wilson in 1913 recommended a decentralized bank instead of a big bank. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was very important because it secured the bank and made it very safe. It helped sustain the nation during World War I. The President Tames the Trusts The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 because it allowed the President to appoint special commission to conduct investigations of companies that operated interstates. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 strengthened the Sherman Act against trusts. There was a strike in CT that costs $250000 in damages however the Clay Anti-Trust Act made the strikes exempt. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Wilson worked hard to improve people’s lives. Lower interest loans were made available to farmers under The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916. The La Follette Seamen’s Act of 1915 made life easier on merchant ships because sailors on those ships were treated badly and with very low wages. The Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 offered disability money to federal workers. The Adamson Act of 1916 was passed which require an 8-hour day for railroad workers who worked interstate and also require overtime pay. Wilson also appointed Louis Brandeis who was the first Jew on the Supreme Court. Wilson however did not help the black community. He actually reinforced segregation! There were some conservatives who were part of the Federal Reserve Board. The Bull Moose people had to be taken into the Democrat party so that Wilson could win the presidency again. New Directions In Foreign Policy Wilson decided that the American government would not support American investors in Latin America and China. Also the Panama Canal Tolls Act was revoked so therefore American had to pay tolls for the Panama Canal. Also the Jones Act let the Philippines become a territory and then an independent nation once it had a stable government. In 1913 the California denied Japanese the right to own land which made the nation of Japan quite angry however Wilson sent his Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to California to clear up the situation. American troops were sent to Haiti in 1915 to protect American lives and interest. Also he sent them to the Dominican Republic in 1916. The Virgin Islands were purchased by the US in 1917. A large amount of the Caribbean was under control of the United States. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Many nations took advantage of Mexico. The United States had invested a billion dollars and about 50000 American citizens lived in Mexico. There was a revolt by the poor Mexicans. Unfortunately the revolutionary President was killed and then replaced by General Victoriano Huerta, A million of Mexicans left Mexico and went to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. They were migrant workers. Americans requested assistance to protect their lives and property. William Hearst was a newspaper publisher and had a ranch in Mexico which was the size of Rhode Island! Wilson did not want to intervene. Wilson however did not recognize the government in Mexico under General Huerta. He gave weapons to General Huerta's enemies who were Venustiano Carranza and Francisco "Pancho" Villa. Some Americans sailors were arrested April 1914 however the Mexicans released them and apologized however the admiral wanted a 21 gun salute. Wilson requested their support in launching a military offensive against Mexico. Wilson before receiving consent sent the navy to capture the Mexican port of Vera Cruz in 1914 which was highly protested by both Huerta and Carranza. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediated between the US and Mexico. Huerta was removed from the presidency and Carranza became President. Villa meanwhile was going around northern Mexico killing Americans however General John J attacked Mexican military forces however he was unable to apprehend Villa because he was recalled to America in. Thunder Across the Sea The Archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914. Vienna with the support of Germany issued an ultimatum to the nation of Serbia. Serbia had Russia as an ally therefore threatening Germany on the east. Also on the west was France which was friends with Russia. Germany then attacked France through Belgium. Great Britain then felt threatened so therefore joined France. Central- Austria-Hungary, Germany, Turkey, Bulgaria Allied- England, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy The Americans were protected by the Atlantic Ocean for now. A Precarious Neutrality Wilson's wife had died near the beginning of World War I however he called for neutrality. England censored stories about their atrocities however they sent plenty of stories about the Central Powers. The Central Powers were hoping that the Americans in the US would help them. The British had strong economic ties with the US. Americans were against Germany from the beginning one because of Kaiser Wilhelm who was very autocratic. Also there were plans by Germans to launch acts of terrorism against the United States. America Earns Blood Money The United States was in a recession at the beginning of World War I however demand increased from England and France so therefore the United States industry increased. Germany wished they could've traded with America however England controlled the seas so therefore created strong blockades that cut off trade between America and Germany. Berlin in 1915 decided to use submarines in retaliation which international law was not applicable at the time. Germany indicated they would try not to attack neutral ships however they also included that it was possible they would inadvertently attack ships. Wilson informed them the Germany they would be held responsible for any attacks on Americans or property belonging to Americans. German submarines were called U-boats. The British luxury liner Lusitania in 1915 was sunk off the coast of Ireland with heavy casualties including the lost of 128 Americans. The ship however had been carrying military supplies. Wilson however did not want to fight and tried to get the attention of the Germans but failed. Secretary of Bryan thought Wilson was going to far. Roosevelt thought not enough was being done. Americans were quite upset about the sinking however did not feel like fighting. Germans sunk another ship the Arabic killing two Americans however the German government said they wouldn't sink anymore civilian ships without giving prior warning. The Germans still persisted in sinking unarmed ships specifically the French ship Sussex. Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany. Germany said they wouldn't sink ships without warning however the US had to have Britain stop blockading which the US couldn't do. Wilson accepted. Wilson Win Reelection in 1916 The Progressives nominated Roosevelt however he did not accept so ended the Progressive party. He did this so not to split up the votes. The Republicans nominated Supreme Court Justice Charles Hughes who was a liberal. The Republicans condemned the tariff, treatment of trusts, and foreign affairs of Wilson. Hughes often switched sides of his feeling for the events occurring in Europe. Democrats again nominated Wilson. They told how he kept them from going to war. The idea was that a vote for Hughes was a vote for war and a vote for Wilson was a vote for peace. Hughes got a lot of the Northeast however did not get the rest of the country accept the Midwest. For a while the election results were held in the balance by California opps I almost said Florida. He got California by 3800 votes. Wilson got the rest of the country. Wilson got 277 electoral votes while Hughes got 254 electoral votes. Wilson had strong support from the middle class and also some from the Bull moose supporters or whatever they're called. He also said they wouldn't go to war. Boy, were they wrong! Chapter 33 Outline The End to End War 1917-1918 Dennis Cote War by Act of Germany Wilson tried to have a "peace without victory" although it was highly unlikely 1917. Germany said there would unlimited warfare by submarine on all ships that dared to enter the war zone soon after in 1917. Wilson then broke all diplomatic relations with Germany however would not declare war on the Germans unless needed. Wilson tried to have the Congress give him the authority to arm merchant ships however there was a filibuster by senators from the Midwest. This clearly showed how isolationistic the United States was. The Zimmerman note suggested that there should a German-Mexican alliance so that Germany could attack the United States through the Southwest. It was written by the Foreign Minster of Germany Arthur Zimmerman. It was published on March 1, 1917. Also Germans attacked four American merchant ships. Also the government of Russia had been taken over by the communist Bolsheviks although under the guise of democracy. All the Allies were now democracies in a way. Wilson asked on April 2, 1917 that there should be a war against the Central Powers because they continually killed Americans. Congress approved in April 6, 1917. Industry was at first blamed however they were doing fine before the United States officially declared war. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned The President had to find a way to get the Americans motivated for war. The Midwest was very against the war. He said that this war was "a war to end war" and also "to make the world safe for democracy." These were all-American ideas so people felt highly motivated. Wilson truly believed in these aims. Fourteen Potent Wilsonian Points Wilson had many different points to his plan for the war. There was one to end secret treaties, also freedom of ocean trade, also to lower barriers especially economically between countries, also to reduce weapons, and also try to stop the imperialists, and an international organization, League of Nations. There were many others. All together it can be said that the Fourteen Points were liberal. However not everybody supported Wilson especially conservatives. Creel Manipulates Minds The Committee on Public Information was directed by George Creel with the mission to get Americans motivated for the war. He was a good journalists although he lacked tack. There were many workers who got people motivating for the war. The were billboards, leaflets, and pamphlets that promoted World War I. There were many songs about the war. Many people said to kill the "Hun" "Kaiser." Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent The German Americans were loyal to America although there were some rumors about their alleged acts of planned sabotage. Also German culture including the music of Beethoven and Wagner were not performed. The German language was not taught in many educational institutions. The Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 were passed. It got 1900 people however they were later pardoned. Many of the people were Socialists and members of the extremely radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Socialists Eugene Debs and William Haywood of the IWW were arrested and sent to imprison. There was also some censoring of papers. The Nation's Factories Go to War The Council of National Defense to help examine the ability of the economy to mobilize. He also increased the number of ships. He also increased the strength of the army which was really small. The potential of the nation was unknown. Bernard Baruch headed the War Industries Board. The industries resisted control by the government. The War, Workers, and Women The War Department stated that any person who was not employed would have to fight. The National War Labor Board helped to stop labor problems. The American Federation of Labor supported the war. However smaller labor unions did not such as the IWW. The AF of L had increased membership. There were 6000 strikes during World War I. There was a steel strike in Pittsburgh in 191 where 250000 workers left and the company did not want to negotiate. Scabs were brought in and the strike stopped with the loss of several lives. Many blacks left the South to work in the North where there were better jobs. However there were sometimes race riots especially in 1917 which resulted in the deaths of forty blacks and nine whites. There was also killing in Chicago which resulted in a couple of weeks of violence leaving many people dead. Many women went to work un factories and also in agriculture because many men left their jobs for the war. The Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921 provided money for information on maternal and infant care. There was strong lobbying for women's rights and laws to protect children in the workplace however the war put a halt to it. Forging a War Economy The United States had to feed both itself and the Allies. Herbert Hoover was made head of the Food Administration. Hoover did not make conserving food mandatory instead it was completely voluntary such as Wheatless Wednesdays and Meatless Tuesdays. There were also victory gardens planted because food could be grown for themselves and the food grown by farmers would go to war needs. German brewed beers were not supported because they were German and therefore promoted prohibition. The 18th amendment banning alcoholic drinks was passed in 1919. Other government departments also worked towards voluntary compliance. Food production in the United states increased by 25%. Exports tripled. There were also bonds, which were sold during Victory Loans campaign. They raised $21 billion wich was equal to 2/3 of the war cost. Also there was an increased in taxes. Some people were forced to take out loans. The US government took control of the railroads because they were not running efficiently therefore causing harm to the war effort. Also enemy ships that were located in American ports were turned into new ships for Americans notably the transformation for Faith. Making Plowboys into Doughboys Many Americans did not believe that they would be sending troops to Europe to assist in fighting the war. The US would give supplies and loans ($10 billion) to the Allies. The Allies however were running very low on manpower. Conscription was the only solution however many people did not want it. Some people said that there would be massive and bloody riots in the streets however when it came time to register there was no disturbances. All people between the ages of 18-45 were required to register. The military enlarged to 4 million men. Blacks were not allowed to go to combat situations. Some women also joined. Troops received very little training. Fighting in France-Belatedly Russia dropped out the war in 1918. More Germans could then go and fight in France. Germany believed that the United States would not be able to provide military assistance to any of the Allies. However military assistance did arrive in France to help out. Troops were sent to Belgium and Russia. There was an Allied incursion into northern Russia to protect supplies from Germany. Also to keep Japan out of Siberia. There were losses for both Allies and the Russians. America Helps Hammer the "Hun" The Germans launched a major offensive 500000 soldier in 1918 during the spring. The Allies decided that needed a supreme commander. He was Marshal Foch. The Americans were sent to Chateau Thierry in May 1918 where there was a strong concentration. This was the first battle where Americans would fight in Europe. The Americans numbered only 30000 however they were not tired out by war. The Germans started to lose power in 1918 and a joint American and French divisions pushed back the Germans to St. Mihiel. General John J Pershing was told he had to work a front of 85 miles. The Meuse-Argone offensive mission was to destroy the railroads that gave supplies to the German soldiers in the west. There were 10% American causalities. The Americans had very little battle knowledge. The Germans were starting to lose the war because of continuous Allied assaults and supply shortages. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Berlin requested peace in October 1918. The Kaiser had to be dethroned. There was an armistice day on November 11, 1918. The United States had given many important supplies. Germany decided to surrender because America had superior manpower and could sustain the war. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Many people throughout Europe and America revered Wilson. Congress during the congressional election of 1918 returned to the Republicans so therefore Wilson lost control of Congress. Wilson decided to go to Paris for the peace treaty however Republicans did not like that. Also the Senate was not consulted when making the delegation to Paris so therefore the Senate was quite angry and there were no Republicans in the delegation. An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Wilson was thought as dangerous by France and Italy because he was against imperialism. There were the countries known as the big four United States, Britain, France, and Italy. During the conference there was great urgency because the diseases of communism was spreading from Russia!!! Wilson was hoping for the League of Nations but first he tried to stop imperialism however that did not really work out. Hammering out the Treaty The US Senate was growing increasingly conservative and isolationistic which required Wilson to immediately return to the United States. 39 Senators said they would not ratify the treaty, which would, included the League of Nations which made very happy the people in Paris who did not want the League of Nations. France wanted some land from Germany which had very important resources specifically coal however the land was turned over to the League if Nations and in fifteen years voted to rejoin Germany. There was also another treaty worked out that if France was attacked by Germany England and the United States would come and help however the US Senate did not approve. Italy wanted Fiume, which was part of Yugoslavia however Wilson then tried to get the people of Italy to back him up but that failed. The Italian delegation decided to leave and the Italians did not like Wilson anymore. There were whole lots more arguments that are very complex that you should read yourself. The Peace Treaty that Bred a New War The Treaty of Versailles was finished in 1919. The Germans were given a treaty that only had 4 points that were originally promised to them. The Germans felt very betrayed. Wilson had to compromise his 14 points so that the League of Nations would survive. Wilson was not very appreciated in Europe or at home. The Poles were able to govern themselves. The treaty was better if Wilson had not attended it in Paris. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice Isolationists did not want the United States to be member of the League of Nations. People also said that the Treaty of Versailles was not strong enough or too weak. Irish-Americans thought that Britain had been given to much power. Germans and Italians thought that it had not been good enough for their countries. Wilson's Tour and Collapse (1919) Wilson thought that the treaty would pass through the Senate. The Senate majority leader Senator Lodge would change the treaty to make it more acceptable. Wilson became worried so he tried to get the support of the people by making speeches. Wilson's health however was not good. Wilson did not receive a warm welcome in the Midwest. Two senators Borah and Johnson made follow-up speeches a few days after and they were jeered at. Wilson received a jubilant welcome in the West however which was good. However in Pueblo, Colorado September 25, 1919 after an emotional speech he fell exhausted. He then had a stroke and remained in the White House for 7 1/2 months basically an incumbent. Wilson Rejects the Lodge Reservations Lodge added reservations to the treaty that would protect Americans. Article X was very alarming because required that the United States assist any country in the league if it was attacked by another country. However Congress itself could declare war so their objection to Article X was understandable. Wilson did not like Lodge or his tampering with the treaty. Wilson instructed the Democrats in the Senate to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations which they did. Defeat Through Deadlock The nation was quite unhappy and more than 80% of the Senate thought that the treat was good either way. The treaty tried to pass the Senate again in March 1920 however Wilson instructed all Democrats to vote against the treaty. Wilson was not very smart because the treaty did not get it's two-third majority required to pass. The treaty was therefore dead. The "Solemn Referendum " of 1920 Wilson wanted to make the treaty an issue in the presidential election. The Republicans nominated Warren Harding. They also made a platform that would appeal to either people. Harding was chosen by Senate leaders in Room 404 in Hotel Blackstone. This sounds like caucuses again. The Senators chose Harding because he would be easy to "control." Governor James. M Cox. Was selected by the Democrats. The Republicans said that Harding would work for a so called Association of Nations but not the one that Wilson had wanted. Harding got 7 million more votes. Eugene Debs remember him that Socialists he got a million votes while he was in prison! The people wanted to go back and live easy lives. The Betrayal of Great Expectations The United States had not been wise in not taking part in the League of Nations because without it the League was extremely weak. The Allies placed some blame on the United States for the war. The League Covenant required four countries not only Italy, France, and Great Britain. The Security Treaty was also not passed. Chapter 34 American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" 1919-1929 Dennis Cote Insulating America from the Radical Virus Americans turned inward in the 1920's. They ignored radical and un-American ideas. The doors of America were shut to immigrants from foreign people. The American domestic economy was cut off from the world. America relied on itself. The Americans were scared of communism from Russia. There were many strikes that occurred throughout the country at the end of the war. There was a "red scare" in 1919-1920 where many left-wingers were searched out because they thought they were not true Americans. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer was given the name the "Fighting Quaker" because he rounded up six thousand. A bomb in June 1919 stopped the search for radicals. 249 alien radicals were sent away on the ship Buford to Russia. A bomb explosion in September 1920 on Wall Street killed 38 people and injured hundreds. Some state legislatures passed laws in 1919-1920 ratified criminal syndication laws. They said that it was a crime to advocate violence. Free speech was ignored. The red scare helped businessmen against the unions. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK A new Ku Klux Klan appeared at the end of World War I. It was very grassroots. It was characterized by being anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambler, anti-adultery, anti-birth control. The KKK was neo-conservative. The KKK was very popular in the Midwest and the "Bible Belt" South. There were 5 million people in the KKK. One of the signs of the KKK was a burning cross. The KKK eventually collapsed as people grew tired of it. Klan officials were accused of embezzling money which resulted in a congressional investigation. There was a $10 initiation fee and a $4 kick back to local organizers. Stemming the Foreign Flood About 800,000 Americans stepped arrived in America in 1920-1921. Two-thirds of the immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Many so-called 100% Americans did not like the new immigrants. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited 3% of the nationality who lived in 1910 to arrive in the United States. The Immigration Act of 1924 lowered the rate to 2% with the base year as 1890. Many nations considered the Immigration Act of 1924 discrimination. The Japanese were very angry about the Immigration Act of 1924 and held rallies against America. Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt from the Immigration Act of 1924. The rate of immigration slowed considerably. In 1931 more Americans were leaving the country than coming in. The different ethnic communities were sperated from the mother country. The different ethnic groups formed their own special communities. Unions were not formed because of ethnic problems. The Prohibition "Experiment" The churches and women supported prohibtion. The Eighteenth Amendment of the United States prohibited alcholol. The Midwest and white Southerners supported abolition to keep African-Americans in their place. However the immigrants did not like the new laws because their social traditions were built around social drinking. The prohibitionists did not take into account that the government did not have a stron control o the lives of private citizens and also that alcholol had a long tradition in America. The prohibitionist did not know that their laws were unpractical for a majority of Americans. Many people in secret statisfied themselves with alcholol. The poor workers were unable to get beer while the rich could get all they wanted. The enforcement officicals were not many. The informers could be bribed were underpaid. The bars were replaced with speackeasies. Much of the alcholol was made in the West Indies and then transported to Canada and finally into the United States. The Golden Age of Gangsterism Prohbition increased crime levels in the United States. Many police were bribed into not arresting bootleggers. Fierce gang conflicts took place in urban centers between different gangs. Some of the weapons of choice were sawed-off shotguns and machine guns. About 500 people were killed in Chicago and very few people were caught. Chicago was a center of crime. "Scarface" Al Capone was one of the most notable leaders. He made millions of dollars from 1925-1931. He drove around in an armored car with bulletproof windows. Al Capone was put in jail for 11 years for tax evasions. He had syphilis. Gangsters infiltrated many different forms of business. They made estimated profits of $12-18 billion in 1930. The kidnap of the Lindenburg baby resulted in Congress passing a law in 1932 that made kidnapping a crime punishable by death. Monkey Business in Tennessee Education improved in the United States in the 1920's. People had to stay in school until they were 16, 18, or until they graduated from high school. Professor John Dewey believed in "learning by doing." Schools became more interested. Scientific achievements were great. Public health programs were launched by the Rockefeller Foundation. Also there was better nutrition and health care. The life expectancy rose from 50 years in 1901 to 59 in 1929. However science and education was not welcome warmly by Fundamentalists. Fundamentalists were neo-conservative in their view. They attacked Darwin and said he was destroying the faith. Three southern states banned the teaching of evolution in public schools. One of the states was Tennessee. A teacher in Dayton, Tennessee by the name of John T. Scopes. Was charged with teaching evolution. William Jennings Bryan took the side of the prosecution who was a famous Presbyterian Fundamentalists. John T Scopes was defended by powerful national lawyers. Clarence Darrow of the defense made William Jennings Bryan look like an idiot. Bryan died of a stroke. Scopes was found guilty with a $100 fine by the state supreme court still found him guilty did not have him pay the fine. Fundamentalism was heavily rooted in Baptist and Churches of Christ. Fundamentalism emphasized a literal reading of the Bible. The Mass-Consumption Economy There was much prosperity in the 1920's. The recent war and finical policies promoted capitalistic venture. Energy was tapped from the many new oil reserves. Also the assembly line helped to increase automotive productivity. The car was now available to the middle-class. There were 30 million cars in America by 1930. Advertising became very important to the economy so that people could be informed about products. One of the best advertisers was Bruce Barton who published The Man Nobody Knows in 1925. Babe Ruth was very famous in the 1920's and many people paid money to see him. Also the idea of credit came into being during the 1920's. Putting American on Rubber Tires Machines became very important to people. The car was the most important invention. The gasoline engine was invented in Europe however Americans used it Fredrick W. Taylor became known as the "Father of Scientific Management" because of his fanatical love for efficiency. Henry Ford liked to make things standardized through his use of a assembly line. There were 26 million motor vehicles in the United States in 1929. The Advent of the Gasoline Age The car had a tremendous impact on the American economy. 6 million people were employed in industries that were related to the automotive industry. Old economy industries suffered from the new economy. Agriculture benefited from the car because it allowed for transportation of fresh produce. Also highways started to spread around in the United States. The highways were paid for by gas taxes. Many people paid for their cars through installation plans. Cars became a necessity. Many people went on joyrides for leisure. Some bad states lost population now because transportation was easier. There were more cars than bathtubs in America in the late 20's. The car allowed for suburbia to occur. Many people commuted from work. There were many people being killed or injured in automotive related injuries. By 1951 one million people died. The family and morals suffered because. The increase spread of crime can be partly attributed to cars. Humans Develop Wings Orville and Wilbur right developed the first flying plane. They flew the plane on December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The plane flew for 12 seconds and went for 120 feet. The plane was important during World War I. Transcontinental mail by air was developed in 1920 from New York City to San Francisco. Charles Lindenburg flew from New York City to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis. He won $25,000. Charles Lindenburg became an American hero. Airships became very important and allowed for a new form of transportation. Unfortunately there were many deaths. The airplane transformed the world. The Radio Revolution Guglielmo Marconi developed the wireless telegraphy in the 1890's. It allowed for long-range communication in World War I. The development of the transatlantic wireless photographs, radiotelephones, and most important televisions. Commercials on the radio gave anew form of advertising. Radio networks were controlled by the government in Europe. Radios brought families together. The radio could reach millions for politicians. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies The first movie was the Great Train Robbery in 1903. The movie industry was based in Hollywood. The movies could be used as propaganda for war. Movies became the most popular form of entertainment. Cultural diversity was lost as the American public enjoyed movies more. The Dynamic Decade More people lived in the urban center. Women got more jobs opportunities. Fundamentalists lost their people as more were attracted to Modernists. Modernists believed that God was nice and the universe a friendly place. Some churches tried to fight this new age. Many people used erotic advertisements. Flappers were women who did not traditionally. They had short stockings and had a cigarette. Many sexual inhibitions were dropped. Harlem Renaissance was a great time of black art, music, and literature. Jazz became the most popular form of music. Literary Liberation Many new authors arrived during the 1920's. The came from different regional and ethnic backgrounds. H.L. Mencken attacked many traditions such as marriage and patriotism. Wall Street's Big Bull Market Income and standard of living rose in the 1920's. Estate speculation was running rampant. The investing in the stock market was like gambling. Many people made money quickly from the stock market. People bought stock prices with down payment. There were great taxes from the war forced many millionaires to invest in tax-exempt securities. The heavy taxes were transferred from the rich to the poor during the 1920's. The Secretary of the Treasury was a person named Mellon. He reduced the national debt from $26 billion to about $16 billion. Chapter 35 The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920-1932 The Republican "Old Guard" Returns President Warren Harding (6ft) was a well liked President. However he was a weak leader. He surrounded himself with friends and had no back-bone. He was no a good judge of character. The members of Harding's cabinet were not very good men. GOP Reaction to the Throttle Harding was used by many people for their capitalist means. The people who actually ran the White House wanted the government to help companies make money for their own companies. Harding appointed four supreme court justices who were reactionary. However luckily Taft was appointed as Chief Justice and he had more liberal views. The Supreme Court during the 1920's removed many of the Progressive laws such as child-labor laws, government economic intervention, and many other worker's rights. In the Supreme Court case Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) the Supreme Court reverse the decision that woman required special work place treatment on the basis that since women could vote they were the equals of men and didn't need special laws. Anti-trust laws were ignored during the 1920's. Businesses were urged to regulate themselves rather than the government. The Aftermath of War Government regulation of industries disappeared after World War I. Railroads were privatized. The Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920 wanted the railroads to become consolidated and the Interstate Commerce Commission would insure their profitably . The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 told the Shipping Board to dispose of the merchant fleet at low prices. Labor unions suffered greatly under this dreadful political atmosphere where the government supported big business. Membership in unions dropped by 30 % during this decade. Congress did create the Veteran's Bureau that created hospitals and rehab for the disabled. Veterans created groups such as the Legionaries who were characterized by patriotism, conservatism, and antiradicalism. The veterans wanted money that they had lost when they had gone off to war. Congress passed a bill however Harding decided to veto it. In 1924 Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act that created a paid-up insurance policy due in twenty years. Coolidge vetoes however Congress won. The bill cost $3.5 billion. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens The United States had not signed the Treaty of Versailles. However Congress passed a resolution that said the war was over. Isolationism took hold of the government. The government viewed the League of Nations with contempt. An unofficial US delegation was sent to Geneva to monitor the actions of the League of Nations. The United States secured rights in the Middle East for oil. The United States had a military build-up specifically in the navy. The Japanese were worried about the increase in the US naval strength. Ship-Scrapping at the Washington Conference Nations were invited to a "disarmament" Conference except Russia because the US did not recognize their government. Secretary Hughes called for a ten year halt on production of warships and all other ships in present production. America, Britain, and Japan would have a 5:5:3 navy. The Five-Power Naval Treaty which would allow the United States and Britain to have their navies and said that they would not increased their military presence in Asia. There were no prohibition of small warships. The Senate also did not want to ratify the treaty. Hiking the Tariff Higher The Americans wanted to protect their market and rely on themselves and use protective tariffs to isolate themselves. In 1922 the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law was passed which raised the tariff to 38.5%. President Harding and Coolidge promoted big business. The tariff however adversely Europe because it was not open to American markets. Europe also put up high tariffs. The economy in Europe grew progressively worse. The Stench of Scandal Colonel Forbes in 1923 was caught stealing $200 million from the Veterans Bureau. The Teapot Dome scandal was where oil reserves owned by the navy were given to the interior secretary where they were then givens to Harry Sinclair. The people were dissatisfied with this development. There were also the illegal pardons and liquor permits. Harding in 1923 went around the country giving speeches and died in San Francisco of pneumonia. Calvin Collide: A Yankee in the White House His father swore in Coolidge as President. He was very boring. Secretary of Treasury Mellon reduced taxes and debts. He wanted to protect business by not regulating them. Coolidge however helped to settle the Teapot Dome scandal. Frustrated Farmers During World War I many farmers had high profits. The gasoline tractor changed agriculture in America because more work could be done with fewer people and horses. Many farms were destroyed by debt and taxes in the 1920’s. The Capper-Volstead Act, which did not allow farming corporations to be under the anti-trust laws. The McNary-Haugen Bill kept the prices high but Coolidge vetoed the bill. A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Republicans nominated Coolidge. Democrats nominated John Davis who was a lawyer on Wall Street. The Liberals nominated La Follette of Wisconsin. His platform called for government ownership of many industries. Coolidge won by 382 electoral votes Foreign-Policy Flounderings Coolidge’s administration maintained isolation and only made some effort to go in compliance with the Washington Conference. American military forces were removed from Central America. Oil companies almost lost Mexican oil fields however Coolidge saved them. European nations owned the United States $16 billion dollars in 1922. The Treasury wanted the money back from European nations about $10 billion however they refused to pay them back. Unraveling the Debt Knot Germany owed England and France $32 billion. There was wild inflation in Germany. Some Europeans wanted their debts removed. Dawes Plan rescheduled German payment to the United States. US bankers loaned more money to Germany so that they could pay France and England. Much of the money used in the world was from American creditors. The Triumph of Herbert Hoover Calvin Coolidge decided not to run so his Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover took his place for the Republican nomination. There were rumors that Herbert Hoover was gay. The Democrats nominated Alfred Smith, the New York governor for four times. Smith however was involved with alcohol during the time of prohibition. Protestants also were discriminatory against him because he was a Roman Catholic. Some people said that a vote for Smith was a vote for the Pope. Radio was very important in this election however it did not benefit Governor Smith. Hoover wanted people do use individualism instead of "socialism." He considered federal programs that assisted people to be a form of socialism. Hoover had never held a public office. He was well known for his integrity, humanitarianism, and efficiency. Hoover won the election by 444 votes to 87. President Hoover's First Moves The Agricultural Marketing Act was passed in 1929 by Congress to help farmers be more self-sufficient. The Federal Farm Board mission was to help farm organizations. The Farm Board established the Grain Stabilization Corporation and the Cotton Stabilization Corporation. The two companies mission was to stabilize prices by buying surpluses. The Hawley-Tariff of 1930 raised the tariff rates to 60%. This made the world mad because it sealed off America from foreign markets. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties When Hoover was sworn in 1929 the economy was doing great and many new invention. The British raised interest rates and people began to sell their securities. October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday" 16, 410, 030 stocks were sold. The stock market plummeted. Even blue chips were impacted. Within two months of the crash there were losses of over $40 billion. At the end of the year 1930 4 million people were out of jobs and in 1932 the number had risen to 12 million. One in four Americans were out of jobs. Many people lost their houses and farms white soup kitchens opened. Hooked on the Horn of Plenty One reason of the Great Depression because there was too much supply of farming and industry and not enough consumers. Salaries were not raised so therefore people were unable to buy products. Credit problems also were another reason. People got easy credit. Many people lost their jobs and felt personally responsible. Some people lived in small homes called "Hoovervilles." Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Even though Hoover was a humanitarian he refused to directly become involved with people during the Depression. He believed individuals would fix America. State government agencies soon failed to provide needed services. Hoover eventually decided to provide funding to railroads, banks, and credit corporations in the belief that the prosperity would trickle down. Hoover critics said that he would help corporations and pigs but not the America people. Herbert Hoover: Pioneer for the New Deal The federal government had given to $2.25 billion to public projects. One of the most important projected was the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. However he did not want to do the Muscle Shoals Bill on the Tennessee River. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation had funding of $500 million and gave loans to corporations however none to individuals! The Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act prohibited antiunion contracts and injunction against strikes, boycotts, and picketing. Hoover had a hard time in Congress between both the Republicans and Democrats. There was a congressional election in 1830 that brought in more Democrats. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Twenty thousand of veterans marched into Washington demanding all of their bonus. They were called "Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF). General Arthur Douglas was ordered to remove these people with tear gas and bayonets. Hoover was not very unpopular and Democrats did smear campaigns. Japanese Militarists Attack China The Japanese in 1831 invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria because many Western nations were in a deep depression and could not interfere. This action was in violation of the League of Nations and other international treaties. The League of Nations met in Geneva. This was the first meeting where there was an unofficial American observer who proved into the investigation concerning the invasion of China. They censured them however it had no affect. Some Americans thought there should be a blockade however the Hoover did not want to. The League of Nations did not have the support of the United States. Secretary of State said that the United States would cooperate with an embargo. The Stimson doctrine states that the United States would not recognize any land taken by violence. Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy Hoover was interested in Latin America so he toured it in 1928. Americans stopped investing in foreign markets after the crash. In 1932 by treaty American troops were removed from the island nation of Haiti. Also in 1933 troops were removed from Nicaragua. Chapter 36 Outline The Great Depression and the New Deal 1933-1938 Dennis Cote FDR: A politician in a Wheelchair Hoover had not kept his promise for "a chicken in every pot" instead millions of Americans were unemployed. Hoover however was nominated by the Republicans for the 1932 presidential race. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was chosen by the Democrats to be their presidential candidate in 1932. He infantile paralysis which required steel braces for his legs however in 1921 it caused severe problems. He learned how to be persevering, gentle, and strong after recovering from the experience. Eleanor Roosevelt was FDR's wife. She helped him in his political career. She was very active. FDR was a very good public speaker. FDR was for the common people. Critics said that he betrayed to his upper-class sort of like Jefferson. The Democrats said that they would balance the budget, and many different reforms to improve the conditions in the country. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 FDR spoke often of his New Deal which was written by the "Brain Trust." The "Brain Trust" was a think tank composed of young university professors. They made a large amount of the New Deal bills. They were like a kitchen cabinet. Hoover however stayed in the White House. He believed that FDR was sending the nation deeper into depression. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 FDR got 472 electoral votes. In 1932 black voters started voting for Democrats. They mainly lived in cities in the North. The Democrats took advantage of the status of the nation to take control. Hoover tried to meet with FDR on two occasions over the war debts however FDR did not want to become mixed up with it. If Hoover had succeeded many of the New Deal pollicies could not have gone into effect. When Roosevelt became President one in four Americans were out of a job. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, and Reform FDR was hope for the American people. He closed the banks from March 6-10 to stabilize them. He called Congress into special session to deal with the problems. For a hundred days they worked and came out with great bills that helped the country. The New Deal was underway. Short range was relief. Long range was recovery and reform. Often the bills let the President decide how much money he would spend. Some of the new bills were from the progressive era. There was unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, taking care of natural resources, and laws to protect children. Roosevelt Tackles Money and Banking The emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 gave FDR near complete control of banking in the United States. Very few banks failed after FDR. In FDR's famous "fireside chats" millions of people listened in. He urged people to put money in banks. There was the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act which formed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which is the FDIC. It insured money up to $5000. He demanded that all gold in the United States be given to the Treasury and in exchange people would get paper money. Then the United States taken off the gold standard. He wanted inflation so that the dollar would go up. Hard-currency did not like using paper money. Roosevelt returned the United States partially on a gold standard so that it could trade internationally. It paid all its foreign debts in gold until 1971. 1 oz. of gold to $35. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Roosevelt used the government to start jobs. One of them was the Civilian Conservation Corps which gave jobs to 3 million young men. They provided services in the forest such as forest fires and flood control. The Federal Emergency Relief Act created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration which was run by Harry Hopkins. Hopkins gave the states $3 billion. There was the Agriculture Adjustment Act which allocated money for farmers to pay their mortgages so they wouldn't lose their farms. There was also the Civil Works Administration which provided temporary jobs for Americans. Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin decried the New Deal and gave very mean anti-Semitic speeches over the radio. The church later shut him up. There was also Senator Hey Long who said every person would receive $5000 from taxing the rich and giving to the poor. He was later assassinated. The Works Progress Administration in 1935 purpose was to do meaningful jobs. It spent $11 billion on sometimes frivolous things other time to improve the nation. It employed 9 people with jobs. Also artists and musicians were given lesson. A Helping Hand for Industry and Labor The National Recover Administration was designed to help industry, labor, and unemployed American citizens. There was established a maximum of hours. Also a minimum wage. Also employees could choose their benefits. Anti-union contracts were not allowed. Also child labor laws were put into effect. The United States however after a quick increase in businesses started to fall again. The US Supreme Court in the case of Schecter in 1935 stated that Congress was not allowed to give the President legislative powers. Also Congress could not apply control of business at a local level only on a interstate level. The Public Works Administration was also supposed to promote industry and unemployment help. It spent $4 billion on 34000 projects. The Grand Coulee Dam was erected by the PWA. The ban of alcohol was lifted however the level couldn't be more than 3.2% and $5 tax on every barrel. Later prohibition was done away with by the 21st amendment. Paying Farmers Not to Farm The Agricultural Administration would have the prices for crops stay the same price in 1909 to 1914. They would do it by controlling the amount of crops produced by paying the farmers not to grow them. Much of the cotton was destroyed and pigs killed. The Supreme Court eventually destroyed the AAA. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 had farmers now instead plant soybeans or other crops to renew the soil. The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 said that if farmers controlled their farming they could get some money. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards There was a bad drought in the Great Plains. Farmers were destroyed by the wind. The land had been over used so therefore it eventually gave out. People had overused the land because they wanted to make more money. Also dry farming and mechanization were responsible 350 thousand people from Oklahoma and Arkansas left for California. The Frazoer-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act was passed to help farms by not letting foreclosures for five years however the Supreme Court stopped it. Farmers were removed to over areas by the Resettlement Administration. Trees were planted by the CCC. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 allowed for tribes to rule themselves and to save their unique cultural identities. Battling Bankers and Big Business The Federal Securities Act required that people know how safe their stocks and bonds were. The Securities and Exchange Commission was put together to monitor the stock market. The Public Utility Holding Company Act protected people from utility companies The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River The public electricity companies were viewed as a threat by the New Deal people. The Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 was passed with the intent to create hydroelectric power from the Tennessee River. It also wanted to set a standard for the public utility companies. Jobs were also provided. The Tennessee River Valley became one of the best regions in the country because of federal aid. Housing Reform and Social Security The Federal Housing Administration mission was to improve housing and making new ones. 650 thousand families were helped. However building new houses failed because of opposition. The Social Security Act of 1935 was one the most interesting acts. It provided retirement money for people when they got hold. There would be payments made from $10-85 a month. It helped many people especially the handicapped. It made a lot of sense for social security because now families could not be taken care of as well because they lived in family environments. 45 million were part of Social Security in 1939. A New Deal for Unskilled Labor The National Labor Relations Act created the National Labor Relations Board to help labor be better especially under union. John L. Lewis formed the United Mine Workers and later te Committee for Industrial Organization which was a part of the American Federation of Labor. There was the sit-in strike where workers would stay in the factory but do now work such as in General Motors. There were man strikes in the 1930's. Roosevelt's "Codling" of Labor The United States Steel Company was forced to recognize unions. There was a horrific massacre on Memorial Day in 1937 when the Republic Steel Company had police fire upon people which resulted in many deaths. Fair Labor Standards Act setup minimum wages (40 cents) and a maximum number of hours a person could work which was 40 hours. People who were under sixteen were not allowed to work or under 18 if the job was hazardous. However women and monitories did not benefit. People were joined to union. The Committee for Industrial Organization was changed to the Congress of Industrial Organizations which consisted of smaller unions. There were 4 million members in which were 200 thousand blacks. 1940 Landon Challenges "the Champ" in 1936 The Democrats picked Roosevelt and said how great the New Deal was. The Republicans chose Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas. He balanced his budget. The Republicans said how bad the New Deal was. The American Liberty League was formed to combat the New Deal. It failed. Republicans said that the New Deal was socialistic. Roosevelt won 523 electoral votes compared to Landon's 8. J Democrats controlled 2/3 in both the Senate and House. This election showed the differences in American economically. FDR had been able to form a connection with the common people of the day. Many of those were poor and enjoyed the help the got from the Roosevelt administration. Many blacks changed their allegiance to the Democratic party. FDR gained a lot of support from minority groups. One in four judges appointed by FDR were Catholic. Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench FDR was the first President to be inaugurated on January 20. The Supreme Court had ruled against the New Deal in 7 out 9 cases. FDR believed the Supreme Court had better get in touch with public opinion. Roosevelt decided to get his way by asking to add six new justices to the Supreme Court raising the membership to 15. He wanted it to be raised so that it would easier to operate the New Deal. However the people did not want the Supreme Court to messed with. The Court Changes Course Many people became very angry over FDR attempts to control the Supreme Court and thus throw off the balance. Justice Owen Roberts switched to being a liberal. He helped to uphold a case which set a minimum wage for women. The Court continued to uphold many New Deal policies. Congress said it was okay to pay justices who were over 70 so one resigned. Justice Hugo Black was put in instead. There was a court reform bill passed but was only applicable to lower courts. Many justices resigned or died so Roosevelt was able to put in nine new justices just as he wanted. Conservatives turned against FDR. The Twilight of the New Deal The New Deal however managed to lower the unemployment rate to 15%. There was a recession in 1937 because of many New Deal policies such as social security and economic reasons. There was deficit spending in the government however FDR said that he would use deficit but now it would budgeted. FDR wanted to reorganize the government make it more efficient however Congress had grown more conservative in response to the Supreme Court affair so they didn't pass one and when they did pass a the Reorganization Act it was limited but it created the Executive Office. The New Deal people sent out relief checks before an election. Kind of questionable? The Hatch Act stated that the administration of the federal government except high-ranking ones could not run fr office. Also federal funds could not be used for campaigns. Republicans gained some seats in the 1938 congressional elections. Americans watched the events happening in Europe in 1938-1939 so therefore did not notice what was happening in America and the overspending of FDR. New Deal or Raw Deal? Many critics accused FDR administration of being socialistic/communistic because of the way it helped people and its overspending. Some businessmen believed that it was not worthwhile guessing about what worked and what didn't. The national debt increased by almost $40 billion from 1932-1939. They also said that FDR was trying to get improvement by government assistance. Businesses thought that if the government stopped regulating them that they could improve. The New Deal had not removed the Great Depression only alleviated the symptoms. The debt from 1939-1945 went from $40 -250 billion. FDR's Balance Sheet The New Deal had provided relief to the people. He helped to save capitalism by purification it. FDR was a moderate who both supported Hamiltonian big government to support Jeffersonian "common man." FDR had saved democracy in America. Chapter 37 Outline Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War 1933-1941 Dennis Cote The London Conference The London Economic Conference was attended by 66 nations with the hope of ending the depression that had covered the whole world. This conference wanted to have a fixed value on all currencies. Roosevelt decided not to send a delegation because involvement would hinder his ability in rebuilding the American economy. The London Conference was a failure because America had not been involved therefore making the depression go even farther into the world. Also nationalism increased. Freedom for (from?) The Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians Americans wanted to get rid of possessions in Asia, specifically the Philippines. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed by Congress in 1934 which would give the Philippines their independence after a twelve year period. However the US would keep its navy bases. Japan was thinking about invading the Philippines. Roosevelt also recognized Russia in 1933. Becoming a Good Neighbor The United States was focusing on problems in the Western Hemisphere especially in the Latin America. The United States did not have that much money to spend outside the United States. The US wanted allies around them so the US wouldn't be invaded by other countries. The US began good neighbor policies by withdrawing troops from Latin America countries. He decided not to intervene in Latin America affairs. There was trouble in Mexico because the government had taken some oil wells and companies demanded that the US intervene on their behalf however Roosevelt wouldn't. The situation was resolved with a settlement. Although people lost money it increased the US popularity in Latin America especially Roosevelt. Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade-Agreements Secretary of State Hull believed in a low tariff because it would help bolster the economy. The Hull-Roosevelt Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act was passed through Congress in 1934. Its purpose was to help boost the American export economy. The President would reduce the tariff if other tariffs would do likewise so therefore is the reciprocal part. Also it would avoid tricky treaties that would require the Senate's approval. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements were important because it was one of the first steps towards a lower tariff. Impulses Toward Storm-Cellar Isolationism Joseph became the communists leader of Russia. Benito Mussolini became the Fascists leader of Italy. Adolf Hitler became the crazy leader of Nazi Germany. Hitler was very dangerous because he had leadership talents that made people follow him. Germany and Italy formed the Axis powers. Japan also wanted to expand their country. Mussolini invaded Ethiopia and killed many people. This was the only time that Ethiopia was to be occupied by a foreign power. The League of Nations was powerless against these tyrants. Americans remained isolated and believed that they would not get involved with the war. The Johnson Debt Default Act denied loans to nations that had debts with the United States. The American people wanted a constitutional amendment added that would allow Congress only declare war if America was invaded. Congress Legislates Neutrality Senator Gerald Nye of the state of North Dakota conducted a special Senatorial investigation that resulted in construed reports that said that World War I was to blame on the capitalists. Congress passed the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 which controlled the ability of the President to declare the presence of a war, also restricted the movements of people, also the sale of weapons to nations. The laws were made to keep the US out of wars which resembled World War I. The US did not recognize that it was a powerful nation and could help stop wars. The US in fact decided to help the more violent dictatorial governments instead of the democratic ones. America Dooms Loyalist Spain The Spanish Civil War was done by Fascists people. Their leader was General Francisco Franco. The rebels were supported by the Germans and Italians. Russia also assisted which infuriated the Roman Catholics. The Loyalists government which was running the government wanted to buy arms to help protect it self from the rebels however the US government changed their neutrality act so that the Loyalists or rebels would not get any. The US allowed a dictatorial communist supported force take over the republican democracy of Spain. The US Navy became smaller because for some stupid reason people believed that big ships caused wars! Appeasing Japan and Germany Japan invaded the sovereign nation of China in 1937. Roosevelt did not declare a war in China because China would have lost the small amount of weapons being sent there however the Japanese also could continue to buy weapons. Roosevelt wanted to stop the antagonists namely Japan and Italy by employing embargoes. This was delivered in his "Quarantine Speech." The isolationists responded by saying that by trying to stop them economically would lead to a violent war. In 1937 the American ship Panay was sunk off the coast of China by Japan. The Japanese made some apologies and paid some money. The Americans did not get all angry. Japan then violently assaulted many American citizens in China while the US government did nothing to intervene. Hitler required in 1935 compulsory enlistment in the Germany military which was a flagrant violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Next he invaded the Rhineland. Next Jews and other minorities were being falsely persecuted by Hitler for causing Germany's problems. He massacred 6 million Jews. Germany then built of the military. March 1938 was when Hitler took the sovereign nation of Austria although it was not violent. Next he invaded Czechoslovakia. Roosevelt was very worried and sent urgent messages to Hitler. France and Britain tried to negotiate with Hitler but failed. In 1938 there was a conference in Munich, Germany that gave Sudetenland which is part of Czechoslovakia to Germany with the hope of making him happy but he then took the rest of the country. Hitler's Belligerency and US Neutrality The Soviet Union signed a nonaggression treaty with Germany. August 23, 1939. Hitler would not observe this treaty. The West had hoped that the Soviet Union and Germany would kill each other but now it would not happen. Hitler could now go and conquer the nation of Poland and then get the rest of Western Europe and then the world possibly. Germany invaded Poland on Septmember 1, 1939. Britain and France finally declared war on Germany. Russia took a part of Poland's land. The US declared neutrality although they hoped that the Allies would win. Roosevelt was able to convince Congress to allow Britain to buy arms at a cash and carry policy. However American ships could not enter certain areas. Britain and France benefited from the agreement. Aftermath of the Fall of France Germany invaded Finland and in response the Americans gave them $30 million for supplies which would not be used for military purposes. Germany also invaded Denmark and then Norway. Afterwards it was onto the Netherlands and then Belgium. France was then invaded by luckily Britain was able to get most of their troops out by the port of Dunkirk. England was the last nation left in Europe other than the neutral nations. Americans finally became aware that Nazi Germany was a threat to them! Roosevelt called for an immediate military build up. Congress approved $37 billion. There was also a draft. The Havana Convention said that the New World countries would take their share of responsibility for the land of the nations left by European nations in the Western Hemisphere. Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) Germany led air attacks against Britain with the hope of invading England in September 1940. It was known as the Battle of Britain. Americans were able to listen about the air raids through their radio. The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies wanted to provide assistance to the Allies so that they could take out the Nazis. The America First Committee believed that America should defend its own land because Hitler could come across the ocean and attack America. Their best speaker was Charles Lindbergh. The United States sent some destroyers to Britain in exchange for military bases in the Western Hemisphere. September 2, 1940 FDR Shatter the Two-Term Tradition (1940) Senator Taft and Thomas Dewey were hopping to become the Republican nominee however Dendell L. Willkie got the nomination. The Democrats said how allegedly dictatorial and the New Deal was sometimes inefficient. Roosevelt decided to run for the Presidency last minute because he believed that the country was in a serious crisis. Willkie traveled through the United States giving 500 speeches. Both of the candidates made sincere promises to stay of the war. Roosevelt made very few speeches however he said in Boston that America would not send any soldiers. Roosevelt received 449 electoral votes. The people wanted somebody who had experience to run the country if war occurred. Congress Passes the Landmark Len-Lease Law Roosevelt believed that the US could let other countries borrow or lease weapons to the Allies some when the conflict was over the countries could then return them to the US however the equipment could be badly damaged. This bill was called 1776 and was designed to keep America out of the fighting. The isolationists did not like the bill however it was passed in 1941. This was important because the US would give as much of their resources as possible to the other countries and would eventually cost $50 billion. Most Americans believed it was better to assist Britain rather than witness the disintegration of the nation. The Germans at first did not attack US ships however the Robin Moor was attacked in 1941. Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter Hitler and Stalin did not get along. Hitler decided he should invade the Soviet Union and take all the resources so therefore he would have more power to attack Britain. He believed it would only take a small amount of time. On June 22, 1941 the Soviet Union was attacked by Germany. The US sent $1 billion and then $11 billion total. The Germany military was stopped because of a terrible winter. Roosevelt and Churchill met together and eventually formed the Atlantic Charter which had eight points of the war. Russia later joined. The liberals appreciated the Atlantic Charter. Read more in your book for further information. US Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash Merchants ships carrying munitions to England were often destroyed because there was not significant protection from German U-boats. Roosevelt decided to have US warships escort merchant ships to Iceland and then Britain would have to escort them the rest of the way. Hitler had told his ships not attack unless it was in self-defense. However ships such as the Greer, Kearny, and Rueben James were attacked by German U-boats. Congress allowed for the armament of merchants ships. Heading for the Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor Japan depended on imports from the US. Congress started the first embargo of supplies in 1940 and then later in 1froze Japanese assets. Japan either could yield to the embargo or attack SE Asia where there were abundant supplies. The US requested the Japan to leave China and it would renew partial trade however Japan refused. Japan decided to go to war with the United States. The US knew this because they could read their encrypted message however the US did not want to be the first to engage the Japanese in battle. Roosevelt believed that the Japanese would attack somewhere in South East Asia. No high ranking administration officials believed that they would attack Hawaii. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Sunday, July 7, 1941. It inflicted heavy causalities amounting to three thousand. Many ships were destroyed although not the aircraft carriers. The US declared war on Japan and then later Germany and Italy. America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent The attack on Pearl Harbor motivated the United States to get into the war. The United States had given aid to Britain and then embargoed Japan however those methods were not enough. War had been forced on America. Chapter 38 Outline America in World War II 1941-1945 Dennis Cote The Allies Trade Space for Time Japan had not hit the United States hard enough to disable it. Many Americans wanted to conquer Japan first. However the government believed that it would be wise to attack Germany first because it had to help support Britain. If Germany won control of Europe it would be nearly impossible to fight them back. The US would allocate enough military strength to hold off Japan in the Pacific. The United States had the potential to win the war. There was national unity behind the need to win the war. The United States had to provide supplies to nearly the whole entire democratic world and then some to win the war. The Shock War Italians and Nazis supported the war and were not persecuted. Japanese-Americans were severely discriminated against because the government erroneously believed that they would commit acts of terrorism against the United States so they moved them to interment camps. In the Supreme Court case Koremastu v. US the court upheld the camps. Survivors later got $20,000. The New Deal was over because now it had to focus on winning the war. Many Americans did not know what World War II was about. Building the War Machine The depression completely ended because of the massive amount of manufacturing required to win the war. The War Production Board helped to run the war. Henry Kaiser made many ships. His company could make one ship in fourteen days completely supplied. The amount of supplies produced was staggering. The country did not produce non essential items. The United States also produced their own rubber. Farming increased dramatically because of investments. There was inflation however the Office of Price Administration regulated it to stop inflation. Rationing was used on items such as meat and butter. There was a maximum amount of wage increase set by the War Labor Board. The membership in labor unions increased from 10 million to 13 million. Unions were unhappy that there was a wage increase set up. Most unions said they wouldn't go on strike. The United Mine Workers sometimes went on strike because their leader John Lewis told them to. The Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act said that the government could work industries that were in strikes. The coal mines and railroads were sometimes taken over. Manpower and Womanpower There were 15 million men in the military. There were 216,000 women. The women were in the WAACS, WAVES, and SPARS. Many young men were drafted however people in industry and agriculture were exempted. In 1942 The United States made and agreement that allowed workers from Mexico come and work. The workers were called braceros. 6 million women worked in factories which require 3000 day care centers. They later did not want to leave their jobs. However most women still stayed at home with their children. 2/3 of women later left their job most of them on a voluntary basis. They later had baby boomers. Wartime Migrations Many people about 2 million around to industrial centers specifically New York, Detroit, Houston, and Los Angeles. The South did not receive a great amount of industrial funds. Many blacks moved North and West in search of better jobs. However they were often discriminated and segregated. A Philip Randolph said he would have a march on Washington. Roosevelt issued an executive order that said there couldn't be discrimination in the defense industries. Also he setup the Fair Employment Practices Commission. Blacks were often put into segregated units. The Congress of Racial Equality was highly militant. NAACP membership increased exponentially. The mechanical cotton picker could do the work of many people so the people were not needed anymore. A massive amount of blacks left their homes in the South and traveled to other parts of the country. Native Americans also moved to cities for jobs. Native Americans, 25000, were part of the military. They were often good code breakers especially the Navajos because their language was unbreakable to the Japanese. There was also attacks on Mexicans in 1943 however the Mexican ambassador got it cleared up. There were also killings on 25 blacks and nine whites in the city of Detroit. Holding the Home Front The country was not heavily damaged by the end of the war. There were tremendous profits. People also received more money. Americans spent a lot of money. There was rationing throughout the United States to assist in the war effort. The government provided many benefits to people working in government run industries. The Office of Scientific Research and Development provided large amounts of funds to universities to conduct research for the war. The war cost the United States $330 billion . The income taxed increased however it and other revenues were only able to pay for 20% of the war. The debt increased in 1941 was $49 billion. When the war ended in 1945 it had increased to $259 billion. The Rising Sun in the Pacific The Japanese launched attacks on many different locations in the Pacific. Japan was able to take over much of the Pacific including the Philippines. The Japanese also constructed the Burma road. The United States had to transport materials over the Himalayas to the Chinese. Sufficed to say that Japan controlled nearly all of the Pacific Ocean. General MacArthur went to Bataan when Japan invaded the Philippines and was able to hold out. However MacArthur was ordered to evacuate himself from the Philippines and to head to Australia. He said the famous words "I shall return." His army was later ferociously tortured by the Japanese. The fortress Corregidor later surrendered. Japan had complete control of the Philippines. Japan's high Tide at Midway Japan then launched an assault on New Guinea and then the Solomon Islands which threatened the security of Australia. The United States then launched an aerial attack by using aircraft carriers to hold off Japan. The Battle of Midway was important because the Japanese wanted the island of Midway. However Admiral Chester Nimitz was able to launch an attack on the Japanese that resulted in the loss of four aircraft carriers!!! The Japanese also got some small islands in Alaska and strength was diverted to defend Alaska and the construction of the Alcan highway took place. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo The United States control of the island of Guadalcanal only after heavy fighting however Japanese causalities were much higher. The Americans soon gained control of New Guinea especially because of submarines. The United States intended to "leapfrog" their way across the Pacific. They did this by establishing air force bases near protected and then bomb the islands. Many of the islands were taken although after heavy fighting. The Marianas were very important because they would allow for continual attacks on the nation of Japan. The Battle of the Philippines Sea resulted in an American victory with Japan losing several precious carriers. The Allied Halting of Hitler Germany destroyed many ships by using their submarines. At first methods used against the Nazis were not highly efficient however they eventually broke the Enigma codes which allowed the US to be able to find where the submarines were. Britain was critical for the war because it would be used to launch attacks and if lost connection with America it would be lost. A joint force of British and American air power bombed the city of Cologne. Marshal Erwin Rommel was known as "The Desert Fox." He was a German. He invaded Northern north Africa and almost got the Suez Canal. General Bernard Montgomery was abe to fight him off. Russia was able to hold the Nazis off and regain 2/3 of their land. The North African Second Front Russia wanted a second front located in the west because they had experienced severe losses numbering in the millions and it would help redirect the power of the Nazis. The US was worried that Russia might make a separate peace with Germany. Britain preferred to attack the Axis powers by the Mediterranean Sea and then later an attack across the English Channel. The Allies decided to attack North Africa in 1942. General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the attack. About 400,000 were involved in this attack. The Allies were able to get the surrender of 266000 in Tunisia where the Nazis-Italians were forced to retreat. The Allies had done well however it was not the end and also Russia was not impressed. The Rough Road to Rome Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca where they made plans to increased attacks in the Pacific, get Sicily, and then later Italy. The Allies would push for an "unconditional surrender." The "unconditional surrender" was highly suspicious and controversial. Sicily was invaded in 1943 and then Italy surrendered. Mussolini was removed from office. The Nazis gave strong resistance against the Allies coming into Italy. The Allies eventually got control of Rome in June 4, 1944. Italy declared war on Germany. The fighting in Italy gave Russia more time to penetrate into Eastern Europe. Eisenhower's D-Day Invasion of France The Allies met in the city of Tehran after short conferences with Britain and China. The summit when very well where they made decisive plans for retaking Europe. The Allies would launch a joint attack against the Nazis through France. There were three million men involved. They were well supplied and trained. General Eisenhower was put in command of the war. The D-Day invasion at Normandy Beach took place on June 6, 1944. The resistance from the Nazis was great however the Allies had control of the air so therefore was able to cause severe supply problems. The Allies eventually was able to gain control of Normandy beach and travel across France. They were led by General George Patton. There was a second invasion through southern France. The French resistance offered help. The city of Paris was freed August 1944. Americans were able to make tremendous progress and were able to take the city of Aachen in October 1944. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 The presidential came in 1944. The Republicans nominated Thomas E Dewey. FDR was nominated again by the Democrats. There was a problem getting a Vice-President however eventually they decided to get Harry S. Truman who was basically pretty good. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Dewey made many speeches. Roosevelt did not say many because he had to work at the war. Roosevelt in the last few weeks before the election made speeches even some Republicans attacked him. The Political Action Committee (CIO) helped to get support for Roosevelt by door to door. Roosevelt won 432 electoral votes. He won the election because he had done well in the war. The Last Days of Hitler Russia had made significant gains into Eastern Germany. The Allies also had 24/7 bombings of Germany's industrial and transportation centers. Hitler attacked Americans in the Ardennes forest and was able to make them retreat which created a big problem. Hitler wanted the port of Antwerp. However the 101st Airborne Division was eventually able to hold them back. The Americans got to the Rhine River in arch 1945 and then the Elbe River in April 1945. The Americans and Soviets were able to meet together. The Americans were disgusted by the concentration camps that the Nazis had been running. The American government had literally done nothing to assist the Jewish refugees! The Soviets gained control of the city of Berlin after much fighting. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. He died in the arms of his mistress. Yes his mistress. The Victory in Europe Day took place on May 7, 1945. Japan Dies Hard Americans submarines attacked Japanese merchant ships. Japanese cities were devastated by continual air bombings. General MacArthur returned to the Philippines. His primary goal was to get back the city of Manila. The Japanese tried one more time to stop the Americans by attacking the Americans at Leyte Gulf which was three battles. Americans won all the battles. The Americans gained naval superiority in the Pacific. Fighting ended in the Philippines in 1945. Iwo Jima cost the Americans 4000 lives. It lasted for 5 days. Okinawa was then taken by the Americans because it would be helpful place to launch attacks. There were numerous casualties. Atomic Awfulness Americans were planning to invade Japan that would cost many lives. Japan had sent people to Moscow to try to get their support. Japan was still unwilling to give into a unconstitutional surrender. The Postdam conference told Japan that if they did not surrender they would be destroyed. The United States had the amazing weapon, the atomic bomb. The US had spent $2 billion in research and development. It had received endorsement from Einstein one of the leading physicist of the day. It had originally been intended to be used against Germany however it would used against Japan. Germany had been rumored to be developing a nuclear weapons however they had not made much progress. The United States detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945 near Alamogordo, New Mexico. Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was the first city to be hit by an atomic bomb. Nearly 70,000 people were killed. Later the causalities would rise to 180,000 and then 60000 people would have radiation related problems. Stalin then invaded Manchuria and Korea. Nagasaki was attacked by the second atomic bomb on August 9 resulted in 80000 casualties. The Japanese one day later requested peace on the single condition that Emperor Hirohito would remain which the Allies allowed. America accepted on August 14 Japan formally surrendered on September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri. It was known as Victory in Japan Day. The Allies Triumphant There were one million American casualties. Of those about 2/3 of it were deaths. The Soviets had twenty million deaths. The United States had fought the war well. America had come out well after the war. Famous military leaders were Eisenhower, MacArthur, Marshall, Nimitz, and Spruance. America had proven that it was the richest nation in the world because it had been able to create massive amounts of weapons and supplies. A method often used by Americans was to make lots of items therefore forcing the enemy to use up their limited resources. The United States had made itself stronger through this war and proved its global superiority. Chapter 39 Outline The Cold War Begins 1945-1952 Dennis Cote Postwar Economic Anxieties The nation after the jubilant end of World War II was unsure of their future. Some people said that America would return to depression again after the war. In the year 1946-1947 there was price increases and also 4.6 million people went on strike. The gross national product went down. The Taft-Hartley Act was passed by a Republican Congress even though Truman vetoed it. It said that there couldn't be all union workplaces, made unions responsible for damages, and required the leaders of the unions to take a non-Communist oath. The CIO tried to have unions in the South "operate Dixie" which failed really bad. Union membership increased in the 1950's however afterwards it started to go into remission. The Democrats also worked hard. They sold businesses and the employment Act which stated that the government would " promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power." The Service Adjustment Act was also called the GI Bill which gave federal funds to soldiers returning home to attend colleges, university, technical, and vocational schools This was done so that the workforce could be trained well. It costs about $14.5 billion. The Veterans Administration was started to help veterans. It had $16 billion for loans. The Long Economic Boom 1950-1970 The gross national product started to go up 1948 and then was good in 1950. America was one of the richest, best countries in the world. Many people in the United States made much more than the rest of the world. In the 1950's 60% of the population was rated as middle class. They made between $3000 and $10000 annually. The people in the 1950's wished to have the American Dream. The population of America stabilized in 1973. Woman benefited because they received a great amount of work in the service industries although many still stayed at home. The majority of people's lives increased however not all. This influenced politics and society. Welfare programs and Medicare was established. The economy of the United States had been rebuilt on war economy. The Korean War helped to restart the economy. The Defense Department helped to improve the economy because it spent large amounts on research and development. Energy was inexpensive so therefore people bought many appliances. The power grid spread across the United States. Education also increased over time. Productivity of Americans increased so therefore prosperity. Farming later became run by corporations and new inventions such as fertilizers and machinery did not require large amounts of farming Even though the number of farmers decreased the nation continued to produce more. The Smiling Sunbelt 30 million Americans a year were moving around. Families started to spread further apart each other. Dr. Benjamin Spock wrote the book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care which told many people how to take care of children in a traditional sense. The Sunbelt stretched from Virginia to Florida and across. It experienced enormous amounts of population increase. The people came looking for new lives. California, Florida, and Texas offered superb opportunities. The Sunbelt got $125 billion more in federal money than the North. The Ohio River became known as the Rustbelt. The Rush to the Suburbs Many people moved out of the cities and into the suburbs. The Federal and Housing Authority and VA help people move by giving them loans. Also people got tax deductions. Highways also increased the number because commuting became easier. The Levitt brothers help to introduce the mass production of houses because they were created using standards. "White flight" was when white people left the cities which left mostly blacks in the cities. Malls were built in suburban areas. The FHA often did not give money to blacks because they believed that they were taking a risk giving money to them. Many blacks were forced into housing projects where they were segregated. The Postwar Baby Boom Many people got married and made babies about 50 million. Fertility rates although have dropped since 1973. Baby boomers often increased school enrollment however afterwards the schools were often overstaffed. The baby boomers were very important to the economy because they were important consumers. Truman: the "Gutty" Man from Missouri Many people said that Truman was average. He had joined the Senate. In Kansas City he had been part of the political machine however there was nothing wrong with him. Although at first Truman was not that assertive eventually he gained strength. Truman was surrounded by his old friends who often became mixed with some stuff. Truman was very straight forward. Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal Yalta was on February 1945. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin took were at Yalta. The agreements were that Poland would have its borders although alter broken and they would later have a conference in San Francisco for the United Nations. Russia said that it would help to attack Manchuria and then Korea while the United States invaded Japan so that American loses would not be very high. Although it was promised the Sakhalin only the southern half and also the Kurile Islands. Russia also got control of the railroads and the ports of Darien and Port Arthur. The United States later said that Russia's help was not needed. Jiang Jieshi was gypped. Stalin broke many of the agreements. The United States and The Soviet Union The United States and the Soviet Union did not get along very well especially because the US was capitalist while the USSR was a communist nation. The United States had done many activities which were offensive especially denying the Soviet Union a request for a loan to help rebuild their country which was understandable because they could've wasted the money. The Soviet Union wanted to create a large area so it could not be attacked so easily. Although the United States said it looked like it was trying to create an empire The United States and the Soviet Union were both world superpowers who now controlled the destiny of the world. After World War II suspicions arose among the countries because both of them wanted different things. Shaping the Postwar World The International Monetary Fund was founded in 1944 to help free trade and also to control the exchange rates. Also the Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) mission was to help countries which were under developed. The Soviet Union did not help. 50 countries met in the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House and made a charter that was quite similar to the debunk League of Nations in April 25, 1945. The United Nations had the Security Council which had five permanent members the US, Britain, France, China, and USSR. The Senate voted to join. The UN moved to NYC. It helped get peace in many different nations. The UN setup many important programs. Bernard Baruch wanted to setup a UN agency to monitor nuclear installations that would not have the influence of the big countries however the Soviets did not like that. The Problem of Germany The leaders of Nazi Germany were tried in what was known as the Nuremberg Trials. Many of them were later executed for crimes against humanity. However some Americans said that this was unfair and if allowed to appeal to the US Supreme Court they would've most likely been sentenced to life in prison. The countries could not decide on how to restore Germany. Germany was split into four separate military zones. The Western nations decided to put together their military zones and form West Germany while the Soviet Union put together .East Germany and other "satellite" countries The "iron curtain" descended on Europe. Berlin was controlled by the four countries although it was deep within East Germany. Berlin was cut off from West Germany so therefore an airlift took place where all supplies were transported directly into the city in 1948. The blockade ended in 1949. Crystallizing the Cold War Stalin left troops in Iran which assisted rebel movement however Truman told to back off which he did. Relations between the Soviet Union and United States continued to worsen. The "containment doctrine" said that the Soviet Union would continue to try to expand and that the nations had to control it. It was made by George Kennan. Britain was on the brink off losing control of Greece because communism was about to take over. Truman requested from Congress in 1947 $400 million to assist in the defense of Greece from the threat of communism. The Truman doctrine was about how the United States had to control communism. Truman believed that it was the United States' duty to help all people who could become victims of communism. France, Germany, and Italy were in danger of communism. Secretary of State George C. Marshall said that the Western European nations would have to cooperate together for economic recovery. The United States would provide money. This was known as the Marshall Plan. The European Community was formed. European representatives met in Paris in the summer of 1947 however the Soviets walked out. $12.5 billion would be required for the rebuilding of the continent of Europe. Europe received $35.3 although there was opposition from Congress. The United States helped to restore Europe. The United States required the oil from the Middle East. The Arab nations opposed the creation of the nation of Israel. Truman however formally recognized the sovereign nation of Israel on May 14, 1948 although opposition from people even those in his own administration. The United States supported Israel which created problems. America Begins to Rearm The National Security Act was passed by Congress in 1947 for national security purposes. The Department of Defense was formed. The Department of Defense had their primary administrative building be the Pentagon. The Secretaries of the Defense, Army, Navy, and Air Force were formed and were headed by civilians. The Joint Chiefs of Staff were military heads of the military. There was consolidation to guarantee maximum efficiency however there was still some "sibling" rivalry. The National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were formed to help protect the country. The "Voice of America" sent radio transmissions into Communists countries. The Selective Service System chose certain men from 18-25 to join the military. America was slowly moving back towards war readiness. Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg decided to sign a treaty that provided for mutual defense of the countries and then asked the United States to join. The United States joined on April 4, 1949. The organization was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO.) The Senate later approved. The United States was now getting more involved in the world. Europe was becoming more unified in the face of communism. The United States found that an important objective of NATO was to contain the spread of communism. Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia General MacArthur ran the reconstruction of Japan. He made sure democracy took root in the Japanese soil. The war criminals were tried in Tokyo. The Japanese worked well with MacArthur. China on the other hand collapsed into communism during the Communist Revolution of 1949. Jiang who was the former leader of China was forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan. The Republicans blamed Truman for the communists take over of China. Democrats said that Jiang did not have good enough control of China so therefore any aid wouldn't have mattered. The Soviets created their own atomic bomb September 1949. The United States in response built the hydrogen bomb which was completed in 1952. The hydrogen bomb was highly more destructive than just your regular atomic bomb. Many famous scientists thought nuclear weapons were bad. The Soviets made their hydrogen bomb in 1953. The United States and Soviet Union became engaged in an arms race. Ferreting out Alleged Communists The US Government became extremely worried over Soviet infiltration at the highest levels. Truman setup the Loyalty Review programs which investigated organizations and people that were suspected of being communists. The states required that many of their employees take loyalty oaths. The Smith Act was an anti-sedition code which was one of the only ones since the Alien and Sedition Acts back in 1798. 11 people in 1949 were accused of violating it. They were sent to jail. They appealed their case to the Supreme Court in Dennis v. United States and lost. The Committee on Un-American Activities (1938) was setup by the House of Representatives to analyze alleged foreign communists infiltration and later alleged communist Americans. It was led by Richard M. Nixon. They got Alger Hiss put in jail for 5 years in 1950. Joseph McCarthy was a fanatical communist. He said there were many communists in the State Department however he did not have any significant empirical evidence support his ludicrous claim in 1950. There were quite a bit of communists witch hunts during the 1950's. McCarthy pushed for a bill to have people who threatened the "internal security emergency" to be arrested however Truman vetoed but the Senate voted to enact it. Julius and Ethel Rosenburg were accused of giving atomic information to the Soviet Union and were executed in 1953. Their deaths however proved how rabid the communist hunters were. Democratic Divisions in 1948 Control of Congress went to the Republicans in the congressional elections that took place in 1946. The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey. The Democrats wanted to nominate Dwight D Eisenhower however he would not accept the nomination so they got stuck with Truman. Many Democrats did not like him especially the South. Truman favored helping poor minorities. The Southern Democrats were called Dixiecrats. They nominated their own candidate Strom Thurmond who is now a Senator. Former VP Henry Wallace was nominated by the newly founded Progressive party. It looked like it would a Republican victory because of the major split in the Democratic party. Wallace was for the Soviet Union and wanted not to fight them. Truman traveled throughout the country on his presidential campaign. The Chicago Tribune said that Dewey had won the election however that was wrong because Truman got 303 electoral votes gaining support from the South and West. Many people liked Truman because he was a people's person while Dewey was not. Truman during his inaugural address stated that he wanted the United States to help other countries out by giving them money to protect them from the disease of communism which was known as "Point Four." Truman wanted the "Fair Deal" which would improve the lives of Americans by improving the standard of living however Congress killed much of it. He did get the Housing Act of 1949, Social Security Act of 1950, and also the minimum wage was increased. The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950) The Soviets had taken over North Korea because the US had control of South Korea. Then two nations were setup one communists while the other democratic. The border was the 30th parallel. The United States said that South Korea was not of concern of the United States. The North Koreans invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950 and was forced south towards the city of Pusan. Truman immediately moved in to stop the communists from taking over South Korea. The National Security Council in 1950 said that the defense spending should immediately quadruple. This was stated in the National Security Could Memorandum Number 68. The United States by the time of the Korean War had 3.5 million men and spending $50 billion annually. NSC-68 was important because it helped to show the role the United States would play on the world stage by becoming a sort of defender of democracy. Also it showed how well the United States could produce goods. The UN Security Council condemned the invasion of South Korea. The UN also requested that all members provide support. Truman sent military support to Korea and General MacArthur was put in command of the UN operation which was composed of mainly Americans. The Military Seesaw in Korea MacArthur led the counteroffensive at Inchon which was behind enemy lines however the North Koreans retreated. September 15, 1950 The UN and US said it was okay to pursue the North Koreans northward as long as not interfering with China or the Soviet Union Chinese military forces sent the US/UN forces back because they had coming towards the Chinese/North Korean border which worried the Chinese. MacArthur wanted to blockade and bomb China specifically military installations in Manchuria however the US Government decided that it would not be a wise idea. MacArthur got really angry and started trying to get the people's support however this would not be tolerated by Truman so MacArthur was removed. Chapter 40 Outline The Eisenhower Era 1952-1960 Dennis Cote The Advent of Eisenhower The Democrats had serious problems so they nominated Adlai E. Stevenson for the 1952 presidential campaign. The isolationist Republicans wanted Robert A Taft however mainstream Republicans selected General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His VP was Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was very popular and had President of Columbia University. Nixon did all the hard campaigning. However there were rumors of illegal funds however he made some national television speech which included the family dog, Checkers. He sounds so stupid. This campaign was one of the firsts to use television. Television later became one of the critical tools for political campaigning. Eisenhower said he would stop the war in Korea. Eisenhower got 442 electoral votes. Eisenhower went to Korea and then seven months later got an armistice because he threatened atomic weapons. There were 54000 dead Americans because of the war while it costs billions of dollars. "Ike" Takes Command Americans wanted peace so they believed that Eisenhower would bring it. Eisenhower was a good leader and many people liked him. Eisenhower first had to put down McCarthy who said there were 57 real communists in the State Department however he was unable to prove it. He made wild accusations about Communists. I personally think he was insane. The American people thought that McCarthy was doing the right thing. Eisenhower did not like McCarthy. When McCarthy said that the United States Army was communists that went just too far. Desegregating the South 15 million blacks lived in the South. 1950 The blacks experienced severe oppression at the hands of racist whites. Schools were segregated and the blacks had very low education. 1/5 of blacks was allowed to vote. Many blacks were killed when they requested their rights as Americans. Gunnar Mydral wrote An American Dilemma which pointed out the unfair treatment of people when Americans said that all men were created equal. Jackie Robinson was the first black to play professional baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. The black community pushed for equality especially the NAACP. The Supreme Court said that "white primary" was wrong and that Thurgood Marshall in Sweatt v. Painter said that segregated professional schools were wrong. Rosa Parks in 1955 refused to give her bus seat to a white man which got her arrested because of the terrible Jim Crow laws. The black community in response boycotted the buses. The boycott was led by the magnificent Martin Luther King Jr. The dawn of equality for Americans had now begun! Seeds of the Civil Rights Revolution Truman in 1948 was shocked when he received the news that black veterans were being killed so he order a special investigation and made the report "To Secure These Rights." The military was integrated as well the federal government. Congress and Eisenhower however did not support civil rights so therefore the only road to equality was through the courts. Chief Justice Earl Warren was very liberal. He promoted equality because he believed that if nobody did then it was up to the Supreme Court to take charge. The Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas was monumental because they all ruled that segregation "inherently unequal" in 1954. It reversed the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson. The Border States did their best to integrate their schools however their were conservative racist hard-liners in the South who defied the federal government and continued to segregate the schools. Ten years later only 2% of the schools in the South had been further integrated. There was even the "Declaration of Constitutional Principle" where politicians said that they would not. It support desegregation. Crisis at Little Rock Eisenhower did not support segregation partially because he grew up in a town composed only of white people. He did even support the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education. Orval Faubus who was very racists did not allow nine blacks students to attend high school in Little Rock. He in fact used the National Guard to stop the students. Eisenhower however could not allow this flagrant violation of the federal government so he sent the military to assist guarantee that the black students went to school. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1957, which was one of the first since the Civil War. The Civil Rights Commission was formed as a result with the mission to conduct investigations concerning violation of civil rights and also allowed for the federal government to allow people to vote. Martin Luther King established the South Christian Leadership Conference which helped to increase the black rights through the churches. 1957 Sit-ins took place in 1960 where four black students decided to go to a Woolworth’s counter, which only served white people. Their actions created a movement across the country where people did the same. Blacks students also the student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee which was SNCC however they soon lost their patience with the more mature NAACP. Eisenhower Republicanism at Home Eisenhower said that he was going to be very conservative. He wanted to balance the buget and protect the nation from "socialism." Eisenhower cut military spending and promoted companies to take over the jobs that the TVA for example had done. Eisenhower promoted Operation Wetback where 1 million Mexicans were forcibly returned to Mexico against their will. Eisenhower also forced some Native American nations not to be recognized as separate entities such as the Klamath Native Americans. Some received financial compensation. This was bad because this reverted them back to the Dawes Severalty Act. Eisenhower did promote some New Deals and even backed the Interstate High Way Act in 1956 which allowed for transportation throughout the United states. The budget was only balanced three times during the Eisenhower administration and yet the deficit continued to row at an alarming rate. The AF of L and CIO merged together in 1955 because they started to worry about unemployment. A New Look on Foreign Policy The Eisenhower administration wanted to stop the spread of communism and then to free the people who were presently under communism. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles promoted this primarily. Eisenhower started Strategic Air Command or better known as SAC which would have aircrafts that would carry nuclear weapons on board. Eisenhower also tried to talk with eh Soviet Union leaders by Khrushchev was not very reasonable. Hungary launched a revolution against the Soviet Union and requested that the United States assist them however the United States did not want to. Eisenhower when he left office in 1960 said that it was not a good idea for a "military-industrial complex." The Vietnam Nightmare Southeast Asia wished for independence notable from France. Ho Chi Minh had requested from Woodrow Wilson for help in attaining self-determination for Southeast Asia. Ho Chi Minh became a communists and the united States started supporting the French in an attempt to stop the communist spread which amounted to about $1 billion. France eventually loss control of Vietnam when Dienbienphu a strategic fort was captured by the Viet Minh. Vietnam was split into two countries. North Vietnam was communist while South Vietnam was democratic. Eisenhower provided support as long as Ngo Dinh Diem promoted change, which was very slow. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was formed which was like the Asiatic version of NATO. A False Lull in Europe Germany became a member of NATO in 1955. The Soviet Union and other communist Eastern Europe nations formed the Warsaw pact. The Soviets left Russia in May 1955. The US and USSR was working towards arms control. When Hungary revolted against the Soviets the Hungarians were massacred. Menaces in the Middle East The Soviet Union began to interfere with the Iranian government so therefore the CIA had the government overthrown and Mohammed Reza Pahlevi became shah of Iran in 1953. President Nasser of Egypt wanted to build a dam on the Nile River which the US and Britain would help to pay for however Nasser started to get involved with communist so therefore the United States took away support. Nasser then took over control of the Suez canal, which at the time was controlled by private investors from Britain and France. The US Government tried to stop the conflict because the Soviet Union might launch nuclear attacks against the cities of London and Paris. Brtiain and France launched surprise offensives against Egypt/ October 1956 The US was quite unhappy about this so they embargoed oil against the Britain and France. They removed their troops and the UN sent into troops instead. The US by 1948 had nearly destroyed all their oil supplies. The Eisenhower Doctrine stated that the United States would help any Middle East nations that were thgreatned by communism. Oil producing countries formed OPEC in 1960. The Voter’s Still Like "Ike" in 1956 The Republicans nominated Eisenhower again for the presidential election in 1956. The Democrats decided that Adlai Stevenson was their best choice. Eisenhower got 457 electoral votes even though many people in the country were democrats. Eisenhower delegated the administration of the government o Secretary of Dulles and Sherman Adams. Adam’s was later proved guilt by a House special investigation that he had received very expensive gifts and then did some illegal stuff. Dulles died in 1959 of cancer. The Teamster’s were very strong and had to use the 5th amendment many times to protect themselves from revealing that they had been involved in criminal activities. Congress passed the Landrum-Griffen Act, which helped to control unions better. 1959 The Race with the Soviets into Space On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the satellite Sputnik I, which was the first artificial satellite, and then a month later Sputnik II went into space carrying a dog. The US was shocked that the Russians had beat them into space. Many Americans believed that it was now possible for the Russians to launch nuclear attacks on the United States by using ICBM. Four months later the US was able to launch a much smaller satellite into space. The United States education system many people believed would have to be reformed so that Americans could catch up with the Soviet Union. The National Defense and Education Act in 1958 gave $887 million to students who could benefit the Defense Department. The Continuing Cold War Some scientists believed that the atmosphere of Earth would be destroyed if nuclear tests continued. The US sent troops to Lebanon to restore order. Khrushchev spoke before the Un General Assembly for complete disarmament however he did not state a method for this. The US and Soviet Union met at Camp Daivd and then in Paris. In Paris it went bad because a U-2 spy plane was captured. Cuba’s Castroism Spells Communism America became very involved in the affairs of Latin America and provided large amounts of money. Fidel Castro o took over Cuba in 1959. He was a communist and took over American property. Many Cuban refugees fled to the US. Americans wanted to stop communism because of the Monroe Doctrine however Russia did not comply. There was a "Marshall Plan" directed at Latin America which gave $500 million. Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the presidency The Republicans for the 1960 presidential election nominated Nixon. The Democrats nominated John Kennedy. His running mate was Lyndon B. Johnson from the South so to keep the South happy. The Presidential Issues of 1960 Some people said that the Pope would control the White House because Kennedy was a Roman Catholic. Kennedy said that the Eisenhower administration had failed in keeping America #1. Kennedy also looked better on TV during the debates. Kennedy got 303 elecotral votes. He received wide support from minority groups. Democrats also gained control of Congress. This meant that there would be a Democrat President and Congress!!! An Old General Fades Away Eisenhower was still admired by the white population until the end. Eisenhower had stayed on good relations with Congress even though it was controlled by the Democrats. The United States had remained conservative during Eisenhower's years. Also Alaska and Hawaii were added on. Eisenhower had helped the New Deals and Fair Deals however he did little for Civil Rights. Finally Eisenhower had avoided a war with the Soviet Union. Changing Economic Patterns Most Americans experienced prosperity. Many people lived in the suburbs. The transistor helped to move forward the electronic industry. Also computers were first being built although our digital cell phones have more computational power than they did. However these computers helped businesses. IBM was founded. Also air transportation increased dramatically partially because of Stragetic Air Command. Boeing came out with the first passenger plane known as the 707 in 1957. "White collar" people started to become more numerous than the "blue collar" people. Unions started to lose membership as a result. American society promoted mothers staying at home especially through television shows such as "Ozzie and Harriet" and "Leave it to Beaver." Many American families did live this stereotypical life however it was going to change. Many new job openings came that employed women. 30 million jobs that is. Betty Friedan wrote the book The Feminine Mystique which promoted the feminist movement in 1963. American women started to go to work. Consumer Culture in the Fifties The Diner's Club credit card was a big thing. To think there was not such thing as a credit card only 50 years ago. McDonald's opened up in 1954. Disneyland also started. Modern-culture as we know it started to appear. TV and stations increased in number. Many of the middle-class could not get TV's. Commercials on TV were used. Christians like Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, and Fulton J Sheen spread their religion on TV. Sports were also being put on TV. Sport teams also moved west. Elvis Presley wrote very interesting music which utilized both black and white musical elements. He was very popular although he later died in 1977 because of probably drug overdose. However people see him everyday. Marilyn Monroe was a famous movie actor who died under suspicious conditions. Playboy magazine came out in 1955. The moral sexuality of the American people was changing. Commercialization was taking over America. David Riesman wrote the book The Lonely Crowd, William Whyte The Organization Man and Sloan Wilson The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit. All these books talked about how Americans were being taken over by commercialization which made conformity. There were also a lot of other stories such as the Affluent Society and The Power Elite both of which examined the changing economic conditions in relation to the social climate. The Life of the Mind in Postwar America The United States produced many literary works. Ernest Hemmingway wrote the Old Man and the Sea. I still don't get the book. John Steinback wrote East of Eden (1952) and Travels with Charley(1962). World War II did not make any good historical fiction stories. John Updike wrote Rabbit, Run and Couples which examined American society. Gore Vidal wrote Mrya Breckinridge which was about a transsexual who was reincarnated. These writers were the lasts of the White Angle-Saxon Protestant writers who had controlled American literature. Poetry also increased. Some poets were Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Theodore Roethke, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, and Anne Sexton. Many of these poets wrote about contemporary issues. Tennessee Williams wrote some good plays such as A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a hot Tin Roof. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible(1953). Black literature started to flourish again. Black writer Richard Wright wrote Native Son which was about a murderer. Black writer Black Ralph Ellison wrote Invisible Man about a black persons searching for his identity. LeRoi Jones wrote many prolific plays. William Faulkner, Walker Percy, Eudora, Robert Penn, and Huey Long were writers from the South. William Styron wrote The Confessions of Nat Turner(1967). Jewish-American writers also developed. J.D. Salinger wrote Catcher in the Rye(1951). Bernard Malamud wrote The Assistant (1957) which was about a family of Jews who lived in New York who were shopkeepers. Chapter 41 Outline The Stormy Sixties 1960-1968 Dennis Cote Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit The 1960's brought about many social changes. John F. Kennedy gave a very motivational inaugural address. JFK had his brother Robert Kennedy as attorney general. Robert Kennedy made the FBI focus on more important problems such as violations of civil rights and organized crime. Robert McNamara became Secretary of Defense. He was formerly the President of Ford Motor Company. Kennedy had a very good young cabinet. JFK started the Peace Corps which helped out people in third-world countries. He also made the famous quote "ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country." JFK and much of his staff went to Harvard. Kennedy was a very warm person. Robert Frost went to Kennedy inauguration. The New Frontier at Home There were not a majority of Democrats in Congress when JFK became President. The Southern Democrats wanted to form a coalition with the Republicans so as not to allow Kennedy's "New Frontier" bills through. JFK did manage to change around the House Rules Committee however bills still were being slowed down. Kennedy wanted bills to help the old with medical needs and to provide federal funds for education. JFK also wanted to help stop inflation. He did make agreements with the steel industry against inflation. However the steel industry did not hold their promises but JFK gave them hell over it and they eventually complied with him. Kennedy believed that the best way to improve the economy was to lower taxes and have people use the money. JFK did promote however the landing on the moon which thus stimulated the economy. The project cost $24 billion. Rumblings in Europe Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Khruschev in 1961 at Vienna. Kennedy tried to be nice however Khruschev was not as nice because he threatened to cut off the city of Berlin from the world. The Berlin Wall went up in 1961 which cut off East Berlin from West Berlin. The Berlin Wall however came down in 1989. The economy of Western Europe was doing very well thanks to the Marshall Plan which formed the Common Market. Kennedy in 1962 reduced tariffs with Common Market countries through the Trade Expansion Act. The European Union formed to promote economic prosperity Kennedy wanted to create better relations between American Europe however President Charles de Gualle of France did not want this. He was very wary of America. He did not allow Britain to join the Common Market or have NATO include nuclear weapons. De Gaulle wanted to make France powerful again without the help America. Foreign Flare-ups and "flexible response" When Congo got independence the nation fell into violent chaos. UN peace keeping forces were sent. The US provided most of the money but no people. Laos was in danger of becoming communist even though the Eisenhower administration had sent lots of money. The military advisors of the Kennedy administration recommended military intervention however JFK did not. Instead Kennedy got peace in Geneva in 1962 although highly unstable. Defense Secretary McNamara and Kennedy worked on "flexible response" which could be used in different situation depending on the seriousness. The military notably the Special Forces received increased spending. Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire "Flexible response" was not exactly that good because it hampered diplomacy and battles could drag on forever which was soon to be realized in the violent situation of Vietnam. The Diem government of South Vietnam was very corrupt however the US continued to provide funding. The communist Viet Cong with support from the North Vietnamese government threatened to overthrow the government. Kennedy sent more troops however they were called "military advisers" to uphold the so-called political stability. The US government then figured it would be better to overthrow the conservative Diem which further provided for the political instability of the region. 15000 troops were sent by Kennedy to Vietnam. Cuban Confrontations Alliance for Progress = Marshall Plan The Alliance for Progress was to help Latin America. It was to close class divides and stop communism. However it failed. Exiled Cubans were trained by the US to infiltrate Cuba and overthrow the government which they did on April 17, 1961 at the Bay of Pigs. It failed. Eventually the exiled Cubans were gotten back by the United States for a so-called "ransom" amount to $62 million in medical supplies. Castro moved into a closer relationship with Khruschev. The Soviets in 1962 started to build nuclear missiles launch sites in the United States in hopes of bullying America especially in Berlin. Kennedy decided that a naval blockade would be in order to prevent the arrival of supplies coming from the Soviet Union. If Cuba had attacked the US, the US would launch attacks both at Cuba and the Soviet Union. Also the attack on Soviet vessels would be considered an act of war. The Soviet Union in fact had launch capable weapons in Cuba ready to be fired. The world was in suspense. Eventually the Soviet Union said that they would remove their missiles. The US stopped the blockade and removed nuclear weapons from Turkey. Khruschev was forced to leave the Kremlin. Hard-liners said they would not let this happen again so they started a military buildup. Democrats gained more control Congress because Republicans were associated with Cuba. Kennedy worked towards a nuclear test ban. A "hot line" was installed between the US and Soviet Union so that communication could be fast in the event of an emergency. Kennedy tried to have the American people stop making stereotypical views of Russia in the hopes of forming a "détente". The Struggle for Civil Rights Kennedy he would stop the discrimination that took place with housing however it took nearly two years. Kennedy could not act very strongly because he did not have the support of much of the country or even Congress. Freedom Riders wanted to stop segregation. Also there was an attack on a Freedom Bus in 1961. Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent a representative who was brutally beaten by enraged and racists mobs. The state governments of the South were highly racist and did not intervene to protect the well being of Freedom Riders. Federal marshals were sent in. The FBI wiretapped Martin Luther King phone because some of his followers were alleged communists. Martin Luther King and John F. Kennedy however had a good relationship. The SNCC started the Voter Education Project to help blacks to vote in the South because they were often discriminated against and not allowed to vote. They received support from the Kennedy administration. Some universities in the South started integration. One important incident to remember is James Meredith who required the protection of federal marshals so that he could attend classes at the University of Mississippi. Martin Luther King in 1963 decided to start a campaign against the unfair discrimination against the black community. He started in Birmingham, Alabama which was said to be the most racist city in the whole country. 50% of the population was black however only 15% were registered to vote. The burning racist city of Birmingham viscously attacked peaceful demonstrators with brutal water hoses, crazy dogs, and agonizing electrical weapons. President Kennedy said that discrimination was a "moral issue." He requested that there be new better civil rights legislation. Martin Luther King led the "March on Washington." His wonderful "I Have a Dream Speech" was given at the Lincoln Memorial. Medgar Evers who was a civil rights supporter was assassinated. There was a bombing of a Baptist church which killed four young black girls. The Civil Rights bill received great opposition from Congress. The Killing of Kennedy Kennedy was shot in the head and died within moments on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby. Chief Justice Warren launched an investigation although it did not quiet all the fears of the American people. VP Johnson became President while on Air Force One. The American people were very sorrowful because they lost him. Later his relationships with other women and organized crime came to the surface. The LBJ Brand on the Presidency LBJ had supported the New Deal however he had lost his Senate Congress seat in 1941. He returned to the Senate in 1948. LBJ had a tremendous amount of influence in Congress partially because he was the Democratic majority leader of the Senate. LBJ received a valuable painting from the Vatican and LBJ gave the Holy Father in return a bust of LBJ. LBJ was a real liberal at heart. The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and ended discriminated in many areas. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was formed to help promote equal opportunity in the work place. EEOC Title VII helped to ensure there would be no discrimination based on sex. LBJ also promoted "affirmative action." The tax bill was finally moved through Congress. LBJ also wanted a "War on Poverty" which would end poverty especially in Appalachia. Johnson wanted to promote the "Great Society." The Other America written by Michael Harrington showed how much of America was in poverty. Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964 The Democrats obviously nominated Johnson for the 1964 presidential election. He supported all of the Democratic platform. The Republicans nominated Senator Barry Goldwater who was very conservative. Goldwater wanted to end all of the projects that help to support the people of the United States. Goldwater was too extreme for some Republicans. Johnson had used the Tonkin Gulf to promote the Vietnam War. It was believed that US ships were attacked however it is not very clear what really happened. August 1964 US Navy vessels had been used for attacks on the North Vietnamese coast. Johnson in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident launched air attacks. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave military power to the President to be used in Southeast Asia. Johnson won 486 electoral votes because many people did not like the extremist views of Goldwater. The Great Society Congress The Democrats won control of Congress which meant that now he could promote his Great Society and War on Poverty programs. Congress was very similar to the Hundred Day Congress. $2 billion was appropriated to the Office of Economic Opportunity with $1 billion to Appalachia. Johnson also formed two new cabinet positions. Department of transportation and the Department of Housing Urban Development. (HUD) HUD got Robert C. Weaver as its secretary who was the first black cabinet member. The National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities promoted cultural diversity. There was the Big Four legislation: education, medical care, immigration, and voting. Students received more money even parochial pupils. Medicare and Medicaid were setup to help the elderly and poor who did not have any health insurance. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 halted the "national quota." Immigration from Latin American and Asia increased to the United States. Conservatives attacked the programs. Poverty however declined in the United States. Project Head Start helped education for the poor people. Infant mortality also decreased among minorities. The Black Revolution Explodes Johnson worked hard against discrimination. 5% of the black population in the state of Mississippi was registered to vote. The South used poll taxes, literacy test, and even bullied people out of voting. The 24th amendment removed poll taxes. The black community and white supporters worked hard for the right to vote. College students who came from the North helped to support the change. 1964 was the "Freedom Summer." "We Shall Overcome" was a song sung by the fighters for equality. However there were sometimes attacks on civil rights supporters. In one incident white juries refused to convict white supremacists who had committed racially motivated murders. The "Mississippi Freedom Democratic party" was not allowed to take their seat at the national convention. Not many black voters had registered. Martin Luther King Jr. led a voter campaign in Selma, Alabama where there were not many black people registered. He led a march towards Montgomery, Alabama. Two people were killed in the violence. Johnson told that the violent actions taken against the people were wrong. He pushed through the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which ended the literacy test. Now since the black community of the South could vote without the fear of being attacked they could help vote for better governments which helped to support them because often they held the majority. Ten years later blacks started moving back to the South. Black Power There were violent riots in Los Angeles because of police brutality in 1965. This showed that some of the civil rights were being militant extremist. The new black leaders criticized Martin Luther King. Malcolm X was a strong black leader who was very militant and promoted segregation. Elijah Muhammad of the Nation of Islam influenced Malcolm X. There was a growth among the black population in America of Islam. Malcolm X was killed by an assassin. The Black Panthers were highly militant. They started in Oakland, California. SNCC began to promote separatism because of their leader Stokely Carmichael. The SNCC promoted "Black Power." "Black Power" made many white people very worried because it sounded like an attack on Western civilization. Some blacks changed their names and hairstyles. There were violent riots in Newark and Detroit. The North was perplexed by this violence because they believed that the racial problems were restricted to the South. The North wing of Black Power wanted economic equality. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed on April 4, 1968. Voter registration increased and black government officials also took office. Classes became more integrated which soon surpassed more than the amount in the North. Also more blacks moved into middle class however man still remained in poverty. Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres The Dominican Republic experienced a revolution that Johnson believes was led by communist from Cuba so therefore he sent in 25000 troops to restore order notably to protect American lives. The Viet Cong attacked Pleiku, South Vietnam which had an American air force base in 1965. Johnson ordered air attacks and to get troops (184000) involved. This was known as "Operation Rolling Thunder." Johnson and his military advisers believed that American losses would be low although he had underestimated the Viet Cong. The South Vietnamese did very little in the Vietnam War. Some Americans believed that if the US left then other countries which were threatened by communism would fall apart. The government of South Vietnam was unstable. Vietnam War by 1968 cost the US $68 billion annually. Vietnam Vexations The US continued to lose the war in Vietnam. Global opinion did not support America's intervention. The Peace Corps were removed from some countries. France removed NATO from its country. The Soviet Union increased its control in the Middle East. Egypt started to receive support from The Soviet Union. Israel launched the Six-Day War which defeated Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. It gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, the Jordan River, even Jerusalem. The Israeli government returned the Sinai peninsula however they soon brought in Jewish settlers to the dense Arab population areas. There was at first weak resistance to the Vietnam War however students soon rose up against the government and the draft. Many people went to Canada or burned their draft cards. There were protests and marches in many major cities. Universities became centers of student resistance. There was inflation which made many American unhappy. Senator Rhodes Fulbright of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations strongly opposed the Vietnam War. Defense Secretary McNamara showed his opposition to the war and eventually left the cabinet. Bombings were stopped during 1966 and 1967 in the hope of opening peace negotiations however the US did not really put any effort into the peace process. There were heavy American casualties. 100,000 Many Americans did not even know why were in Vietnam. The CIA and FBI were ordered by President Johnson to attack the peace movements by subverting them. Many of the peace leaders were said to be communists. Vietnam Topples Johnson The Tet Offensive was a massive military attack by the Viet Cong during the Vietnamese New Year. The Tet Offensive although lost by the Viet Cong helped to motivate the American people in demanding an end to the war. President Johnson felt very bad about the mounting American deaths. After the Tet Offensive the military requested 200,000 more soldiers which would increased the number dramatically which even started worrying Johnson. Senator Eugene McCarthy became the Democrat nomination for the presidential campaign in 1968. He had college students work for him. Robert Kennedy also entered the presidential election. He was against the war. The Democrat party was highly split over the war. Johnson said that he would not run for presidency, he would also reduce the number of air attacks, and stop increasing the number of troops. He wanted the South Vietnamese to defense themselves. The North Vietnamese agreed later to meet in Paris for peace talks. The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968 Hubert Humphrey had received the support of Johnson and had worked for him faithfully. Senator McCarthy and Kennedy were battling it out in the campaign over key states to win however on June 5, 1968 Kennedy was shot by an Arab who did not like the support Kennedy had for Israel. He had been receiving growing popularity. The Democratic convention in Chicago was very violent as many peaceful demonstrators were viciously assaulted by the military and police forces. Humphrey received the Democratic presidential nomination. It promoted in sending troops until the North Vietnamese were more inclined to get peace. Nixon was nominated by the Republicans and he said he wanted to finish the war. His VP was Spiro Angew was against heretics and the black militant movement. The American Independent was neo-conservative, racist and wanted to enforce segregation. Their nominee was George Wallace. Victory for Nixon The Vietnam War was not a big issue. Both of the primary candidates promoted the war so therefore they did not have anyone to vote for. Humphrey lost because he was associated with LBJ even he had stopped all bombings of North Vietnam. Nixon got 301 electoral votes. The Democrats however had large support from the black and urban community. Wallace got an amazing 46 electoral votes because of the racist constituency in South. The "populist" vote was like using scare tactics. The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson Johnson returned to his native Texas. Four years afterwards he died although his popularity did go up somewhat up. LBJ had done well with trying to promote his Great Society which was like Roosevelt's New Deal. However military Spending soon became more important. Inflation increased because of the Vietnam War. The United States was not fully committed to the war so therefore could not win it. The military believed that it could be "cheap" to win however they were not right. Lyndon got blamed a lot for the Vietnam War however Kennedy and Eisenhower were partly responsible. The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960's There was great social changes and cultural changes in the 1960's. There seemed to be no social institutions that could provide a standard to the youth. The Roman Catholic Church held Vatican II which changed many of the Catholic traditions which had been held for centuries. Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac wrote about how awful materialism was. James Dean did the movie Rebel Without a Cause which seemed to represent how undercurrent of America's youth. There was the Free Speech Movement which was highly liberal and spoke out against the social institutions of the time. Many people sued drugs and lived on communes. There was a "sexual revolution" during the 1960's. One reason was the birth control pill. Dr. Alfred Kinsey wrote very interesting reports about the sexuality of Americans. There was a movement for gay and lesbian rights in America. They became especially militant after there were attacks on gays in 1969. AIDS and other STD's slowed down the movement in the 1980's. Many of the student organizations such as Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became violent. The so-called "flower children" tried to change society completely but failed because in the 1970's people were more concerned about real issues. Chapter 42 Outline The Stalemated Seventies 1968-1980 Dennis Cote The Economy Stagnates in the 1970s The economic boom that occurred after World War II died off. People had improved their standard of living however productivity lowered. The economy went severely down during the 70's. Women and young people were blamed for the economic problems. Also the shift to service industries. Money that was spent on the Vietnam War should've been spent on other areas such as education. Oil prices increased dramatically. Inflation increased nearly three times. The US government paid for both the Vietnam War and Great Society. However there was a key error which was there was no tax increase. No consumer products were made. Germany and Japan had improved their economies and became very good competitors on the world market with Americans. The US now had a severe problem. Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War Nixon was faced with severe problems concerning race relations and the Vietnam War. Nixon however had very good foreign affairs experience. Nixon said that he would remove American troops over a period of time and help train and provide financial assistance to South Vietnam. The Nixon doctrine told over countries that they would have to fight their own wars. The "doves" staged protest against Nixon because he did not remove Americans fast enough. The great "silent majority" according to Nixon supported the war. VP Agnew was released on the media to straighten them out about the war. Nixon did not like the student protesters. The Vietnam War was very bad because it had some of the lower class go and not the college students who protested. Blacks were often sent to fight. The military experienced terrible problems even mutiny. Morale was very low. The My Lai massacred done by the US in 1968 made the Vietnam War highly unpopular. Cambodianizing the Vietnam War The North Vietnamese military forces had used the neutral country of Cambodia to launch attacks on South Vietnam. Nixon sent military troops into Cambodia to stop that. There was nationwide student protest against the Cambodian invasion notably at Kent State where four students were killed. Nixon removed the troops however it did not fully complete the mission and communists then took over the country of Cambodia. The "hawks" and "doves" relationship became very violent in the United States. The black community became angry over the use of blacks in the war when there were plenty of white people. The Senate took back there so-ca The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18. There were big riots throughout the country in 1971. The New York Times published a classified report of the Pentagon telling of the Vietnam War. It was "leaked" by Daniel Ellsberg. Nixon Détente with Beijing (Peking) and Moscow Russia and China were in conflict over there interpretation of Marxism. Nixon used this conflict to play one country against the other. Dr. Henry Kissinger was Nixon's nationals security adviser and he met with representatives form North Vietnam to discuss peace. Nixon went to China inn 1972 which improved relations between the US and China. Nixon then visited Moscow in the same year where he was able to get a détente from the Soviets because they had been worried about the US and China building better relations. The Soviet Union also received $750 million of food from the United States which the country seriously needed. There was the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty )ABM) and then the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) which limited ICBM for five years. They were both ratified by the Senate. The US continued to develop "MIRVs" (multiple Independently targeted Reentry Vehicles.) A New Team on the Supreme Bench The Supreme Court had been led by Chief Justice Earl Warren who had been very active. Nixon did not like this. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) said that the state could not stop the selling of contraceptives. The Supreme Court had said there was a "right of privacy" The case of Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 said that a criminal was required to have lawyer even that person did not have the money for one. Escobedo and Miranda were both important cases because they said that even criminals had certain rights guaranteed to them under the constitution. In the court case of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) freedom of the press was greatly increased. School prayer was stopped in the two cases of Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963) The racist South was highly offended by the Supreme Court decision on desegregation so they tried to nullify the law but it failed. In the case of Reynolds v. Sims (1964) the Court ruled that cows could not be counted as people and humans could only be used for population representation. The Supreme Court received heavy criticism from the stupid state right's people. The Supreme Court then had some vacancies so Nixon appointed new conservatives in that would stop taking part in society. One of them was Chief Justice Warren E. Burger. The Supreme Court however still proved quite liberal especially in the case of Roe v. Wade. Nixon on the Home Front Welfare programs increased during Nixon's administration although the Republicans did not like this. Inflation however increased by of increased Social Security spending. Poverty however in the United States declined during the Nixon administration. Nixon required that there be "goals and time tables" for black apprentices in the Philadelphia construction unions which were under a federal contract. This was known as the Philadelphia Plan. Affirmative action now was moving towards assisting minorities in getting jobs. In the Supreme Court case of Giggs v. Duke Power it stopped intelligence test to keep certain people from receiving jobs. This Supreme Court case was also important because it would require that minorities be hired to the direct proportion they represent in the population. Some people did not like this because now more jobs were opened towards minorities some said it was "reverse discrimination" however affirmative action was a move towards ending discrimination which had afflicted America for centuries. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Health and Safety Administration was formed to help protect the environment and workers. Silent Spring was written by Rachael Carson who said how bad pesticides were. The Clean Air Act of 1970 and Endangered Species Act of 1973 helped to protect America's environment. Irrigation projects in the West had completely transformed the native ecology so therefore Congress decided in 1972 to cut federal funding. Nixon decided to stop inflation by a ninety-day wage and price freeze and also to remove the gold standard which as being used by the United States thus the American dollar loss value. Nixon had a plan to get the support of the nation called the "Southern Strategy" where he would not pay much attention to civil rights on school integration and would work on other issues. His involvement provided in foreign affairs made him able to avoid the tricky questions at home. The Nixon Landslide of 1972 North Vietnam launched a massive attack on South Vietnam in 1972. Nixon responded by bombing major cities and having contact mines be sued to blockade the important seaports of North Vietnam. The campaign slowed down. China and Russia did not intervene because of Nixon's diplomacy. Senator George McGovern was the Democratic nomination for the presidential campaign in 1972. He said he would remove troops from Vietnam within 90 days however this was not supported by many people of his party. He however did get support from the minorities and women. Nixon won 520 electoral votes. Henry Kissinger had said that peace was near 12 days before the election. Bombing North Vietnam to the Peace Table The peace agreement that was promised however had severe problems and Nixon decided that he would not accept it. Nixon then continued bombings of North Vietnam in the hope of getting the North Vietnamese back in negotiations. January 23, 1973 a cease-fire was achieved. The United States withdrew the rest of its troops and got back some POW's. South Vietnam would receive no more US military personnel. North Vietnam was allowed to keep it's troops in South Vietnam. North Vietnam had almost 30% of South Vietnam. Watergate Woes On the night of June 17, 1972 five men were arrested for breaking in to the Democratic HQ. They had been carrying devices that they would use to bug the office. They had been working for the Republicans expressly the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President colloquially recognized as CREEP. CREEP was said to have very unethical means to raise money. White House staff was forced to resign because many people had been shown to be involved in the Watergate break-in. The CIA, FBI, and IRS were used to attack citizens who the Nixon administration had deemed a national security threat. The Senate had a special committee that held hearings concerning this and one of the key people was John Dean III who had worked for the White House as a lawyer. He told them how corrupt the White House had become and that even the senior staff of the White House knew of these attacks on people. The Great Tape Controversy The Oval Office had been "bugged." The White House had continually denied knowledge of the Watergate incident. They wanted to use the tapes to prove what Dean had said however the President refused to had over the tapes because of matters of national security and executive privilege. VP Agnew became involved with some stuff with Maryland contractors which could have him Nixon impeached Nixon decided to pick Gerald Ford as his new VP. Archibald Cox had submitted a subpoena for the tapes. Nixon tried to fire him but the Attorney General and deputy attorney general both resigned because they did not want to fire him. The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act The American public found out in July 1973 had long been attacking Cambodia through aerial bombings. The bombings continued even after the cease fire with North Vietnam. Congress tried to stop the bombings by not giving money however Nixon always vetoed the bills but then in 1973 Nixon decided to stop the bombings because he was running low on money. Cambodia was taken over by Pol Pot who committed genocide against the people of Cambodia however Vietnam invaded and removed him from power. The War Powers Act required that the President report to Congress in 48 hours if US forces had been engaged in some sort of foreign confrontation. The "New Isolationism" met that the draft ended and that the military would receive a pay raise however today they are in need of another one. Some people in the public wanted to remove troops from Europe however Nixon was worried that communism could still take over. The Arab Oil Embargo and the energy Crisis In 1973 Egypt and Syria launched attacks on Israel in hopes of regaining land. Kissinger went to Moscow to try to keep the Soviets out of directing fighting. The United States gave $2 billion in arms to the Israelis. Israel was able to fight off the attack. The Arab nations in retribution against the United States for assisting Israel decided to impose an oil embargo which caused an "energy crisis". The recession continued to worsen as a result. An oil pipeline was built in Alaska to transport oil to the much needed country in 1974. There was a speed limit of 55 mph. Alternative energy research and development received more attention. The oil embargo showed how dependent the nation was on oil because it had been importing large amounts of oil. Cheap energy was now gone. The Middles East countries became extremely important to the United States because it was exporting the majority of oil imported to the United States. OPEC quadrupled the price of oil in 1974 after the embargo therefore throwing off international trade. In response the US formed the International Energy Agency and industries started to build more energy efficient items. The Unmaking of a President At last Nixon decided to submit tapes to the House Judiciary Committee however large amounts of the tapes had been deleted. The Supreme Court said in 1974 that the President could not use executive privilege. The House Judiciary Committee charged Nixon with obstruction of justice, abusing his power of the office of President, and not following the subpoenas. Nixon later turned over three tapes. One of the tapes had Nixon saying that he wanted the CIA to stop the FBI investigation. He in fact knew of the Watergate break-in. The Republican leaders informed Nixon that he should resigned because it would most likely turn out that Nixon would be removed from office if not. Nixon on August 8, 1974 informed the world that he was resigning as President of the United States. The First Uneclected President Gerald Ford became President through a vote in Congress. Ford pardoned Nixon. Ford attended a conference in Finland. It recognized the boundaries of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union said it would increase exchange of information however that did not work out. Also they said they would respect some human rights but that was stopped. Some Americans believed that the détente was not working because the US sent over food and stuff but little came in return. Defeat in Vietnam The North Vietnam military proceeded to assimilate South Vietnam however Ford tried to have more weapons sent Congress denied. Americans were evacuated from South Vietnam on April 29, 1975. The Vietnam War had cost the American people $118 billion with 56000 Americans dead. The United States had lacked national unity to win the war. The Bicentennial Campaign Ford got the Republican nomination in 1976. The Democrats decided to pick James "Jimmy" Earl Carter. He was a born again Baptist. Carter used Watergate against the Republicans. Carter received 297 electoral votes which was very narrow. Both parts of Congress were being run by Democrats. Carter reduced taxes, created the Department of Energy, and pardoned some evaders of the draft. Carter did not know the inside of politics very well so therefore he sometimes did not get the full cooperation of the party leaders in Congress. Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy Carter supported human rights, notably in the countries of Zimbabwe and South Africa. Carter negotiated better relations between Egypt and Israel which was known as the Camp David Agreement. September 17, 1978 The US restored normal diplomatic relations with China. The Panama Canal was to be given to the country of Panama in 2000. Carter although had trouble with The Soviet Union. The Soviet Union seemed to be pushing for communist revolutions in many different country. Carter Tackles the Ailing Economy The economy was doing very well because inflation was going crazy. The US was importing large amounts of oil totaling to about $40 billion. Isolation for the US was not a choice because the nation was now a major participant in the global economy. The US had to change their economic styles to be able to dominate the new economy. In 1980 the US budget was $60 billion which made the economy go still into further debt and thus still increasing inflation. Interest rates were very high therefore many businesses went bankrupt. Carter wanted to have money towards new programs to support alternative energy but it never passed through Congress partially because of the bad public opinion. Carter's Energy Woes The shah of Iran had been installed by the US in 1953 and then removed from office by the people forcibly. He had been very mean. Although he did try to modernize his country against the wishes of Muslim fundamentalists. The price of oil went up because there was no oil from Iran and OPEC therefore raised the prices. At Camp David Carter met with many people to discuss how to solve the problem. Carter decided to say how awful materialism was although not solving the oil problem. Carter also fired four of his cabinet secretaries and had a White House staff reorganization. Foreign Affairs and the Iranian Imbroglio Carter met with Leonid Brezhnev and got SALT II which would limit the number of nuclear weapons howeve